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10 Non German Music Of
10. Non-german Music Of The 19th Century While These Great Issues Were Being Debated In Germany, The Music Of Other Countries Was Awakening From Long Sleep Or Out Growing Infancy And Provinciality. France Had, Since Rameau, Been Remarkably Content To Have Its Music Dominated By For Eigners. Before Rameau, French ...

11 Music Of The
11. Music Of The 20th Century The 2oth Century Inherited The Last Development Of The 19th In The Symphonic Poems And Operas Of Richard Strauss (q.v.). Much Acrid Controversy At First Raged Around The Details Of His Style Which Dashed Through All The Traffic Regulations Of Classical Part-writing. And Nothing ...

1900 35 Graph Showing Production
Graph Showing Production Of Pig Iron And Ferro-alloys, 1900-35 Director At Its Head. The System Of Administration Thus Estab Lished Is Closely Analogous To That Of The Federal Government. The General Assembly Consists Of A Senate And A House Of Representatives, The Members Of Which Are Elected For Terms Of ...

2 Isack Van Ostade
2. Isack Van Ostade (1621-1649) Was Born In Haarlem, And Began His Studies Under Adriaen. At An Early Period He Felt The Influence Of Rembrandt, And This Is Apparent In A "slaughtered Pig" Of 1639, In The Gallery Of Augsburg. A Specimen Of Isaac's Work When Under The Influence Of ...

2 Thomas Pelham Holles
2. Thomas Pelham Holles, Duke Of Newcastle (1693-1768), Whose Official Life Extended Throughout The Whig Supremacy Of The 18th Century, Was The Elder Son Of Thomas, First Lord Pelham, By His Second Wife Lady Grace Holles, Younger Sister Of John Holles, Duke Of Newcastle-on-tyne, Who Died In 1711, And Left ...

7 The Rise Of
7. The Rise Of Dramatic Music And The Sonata Style The Fashionable Distaste For Polyphony Was A Mere Negative Force In The Early 18th Century. The Positive Force Was, As In The Monodic Revolution A Hundred And Fifty Years Earlier, An Impulse Towards Drama. Unlike The Monodists Who, When They ...

8 The Romantic Period
8. The Romantic Period With The Romantic Period Comes The Development Of Lyric Music In The Forms Of Songs And Short Pianoforte Pieces. Schubert, Weber, Spohr, Mendelssohn And Schumann Would Be The Roman Tic Composers In This Sense, And Many Contemporaries Would Have Added Cherubini To The List, For They ...

9 The Wagnerian Development
9. The Wagnerian Development And The Cence Of Classical Form Wagner Formulated His Principles Of Music-drama Long Before He Matured His Musical Style. It Is Impossible To Understand The Musical History Of The Second Half Of The 19th Century Until We Frankly Admit That The Composers Of Instrumental Music Saw ...

Abraham Ortelius Wortels
Ortelius (wortels), Abraham Next To Mercator The Greatest Geographer Of His Age, Was Born At Antwerp On April 14, 1527, And Died In The Same City On July 4, 1598. He Was Of German Origin, His Family Coming From Augsburg. He Travelled Extensively In Western Europe. Beginning As A Map ...

Ad Jutorem Meum
Ad Jutorem Meum Took The Place Of The Mint Legend; The Stereotyped Bust Was Replaced By An Excellent Profile Portrait On The Groat And The Seated King On The Penny: Henry Viii. De Based The Gold And Reduced The Weight Of The Sovereign, The Reverse Type Of Which Was Now ...

Adam Gottlob Ohlenschlager
Ohlenschlager, Adam Gottlob Danish Poet, Was Born In Vesterbro, A Suburb Of Copenhagen, On Nov. 14, 1779. His Father, A Schleswiger By Birth, Was At That Time Organist, And Later Became Keeper, Of The Royal Palace Of Frederiksberg. Through Edvard Storm, Adam Received A Nom Ination To The College Called ...

Adolph Simon 1858 1935 Ochs
Ochs, Adolph Simon (1858-1935), American News Paper Publisher, Was Born In Cincinnati, 0., On March 12, 1858, Of Well Educated Jewish Parents Who Had Emigrated In Their Youth To The United States From Bavaria. The Father, Julius Ochs, Was An Officer Of The United States Forces In The Mexican War ...

Adrien Maurice 1678 1766
Adrien Maurice (1678-1766), The Third Duke, Served In The Wars Of Louis Xv. In Italy And Germany, And Became A Marshal In 1734. In The War Of The Austrian Succession He Was Beaten By The English At The Battle Of Dettingen In 1743. He Married Francoise D'aubigne, A Niece Of ...

Age Of The Oceans
Age Of The Oceans According To Wegener The Atlantic Is The Youngest, The Indian Older, And The Pacific The Oldest Of The Oceans. Certainly The Atlantic, In The Zone Stretching From The West Indies To The Medi Terranean, Has Experienced Great Changes Since Tertiary Times. Other Investigators Suggest That The ...

Albury
Albury.) (iv.) Western Plains: A Dry Climate, Invigorating In Winter, But Liable To Suffer From Droughts, Dust-storms And, More Locally, From Floods. Temperatures Are Higher In The North—ay. Ann.: Summer Winter F. Av. Ann. Rainfall From 7 In. In The North-west; 10-15 In. Along The Darling; 20 In. In The ...

Alexander 1 57 12 I
Neckam, Alexander (1 '57-12 I 7), English School Man And Man Of Science, Was Born At St. Albans In September "57, On The Same Night As King Richard I. Neckam's Mother Nursed The Prince With Her Own Son, Who Thus Became Richard's Foster-brother. He Was Educated At St. Albans Abbey ...

Alexander 1758 1840 Nasmyth
Nasmyth, Alexander (1758-1840), Scottish Por Trait And Landscape Painter, Was Born In Edinburgh On Sept. 9, 1758. He Studied At The Trustees' Academy Under Runciman, And Became Apprenticed As Heraldic Painter To A Coach-builder. At The Age Of 16 He Attracted The Attention Of Allan Ramsay, Who Took Him To ...

Alexander Nikolaevich 1823 1886 Ostrovsky
Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolaevich (1823-1886), Russian Dramatit Author, Was Born On April 12, 1823 In Moscow, Where His Father Was An Official Of The Senate. He Studied Law In The University Of That City, Which He Quitted With Out Having Submitted To The Final Examination. He Was Then Em Ployed As ...

Alexander Nowell
Nowell, Alexander (15o7?-16o2), Dean Of St. Paul's, London, Son Of John Nowell Of Read Hall, Whalley, Lan Cashire, Was Educated At Brasenose College, Oxford, Where He Is Said To Have Shared Rooms With John Foxe. He Was Elected Fellow Of Brasenose In 1526. He Became Master Of Westminster School (1543), ...

Alfred 1807 1861 Mynn
Mynn, Alfred (1807-1861), Perhaps The Greatest Of The Older Cricketers, Was Born At Goudhurst, In Kent, On Jan. 19, 1807, And Died In London On Nov. 1, 1861. A Huge Man, Stand Ing 6 Ft. 1 In. And Weighing 18 To 20 Stone, He Was An All-round Cricketer, But It ...

Alfred De Louis Charles
Musset, Alfred De [louis Charles Alfred] (1810 5857), French Poet, Play-writer And Novelist, Was Born On Dec. Ii, 1810 In A House In The Middle Of Old Paris, Near The Hotel Cluny. In The Summer Of 1827 He Won The Second Prize (at The College Henri Iv.) By An Essay ...

Algebraic Numbers
Algebraic Numbers Failure Of Expected Laws.-the Roots Of An Equation • • • = 0 Having Integral Coefficients Are Called Al Gebraic Numbers. If A= 1, The Roots Are Integral Algebraic Num Bers; Examples Are I5, ;15. Prior To A Lengthy Controversy In 1847, It Was Regarded As Self-evident That ...

Alvaro Obregon
Obregon, Alvaro (188o-1928), Mexican Soldier And President, Was Born In The District Of Alamos, Sonora, On Feb. 17, 1880. During His Early Life As A Planter He Became An Advocate Of Land Reforms To Better The Condition Of The Peons And Indians, And In 1912 He Entered The Services Of ...

Andreas Osiander
Osiander, Andreas German Reformer, Was Born At Gunzenhausen, Near Nuremberg, On Dec. 19, 1498. His German Name Was Heiligmann, Or, According To Others, Hose Mann. After Studying At Leipzig, Altenburg And Ingolstadt, He Was Ordained Priest In 1520 And Appointed Hebrew Tutor In The Augustinian Convent At Nuremberg. Two Years ...

Andrei Ivanovich Osterman
Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich, Count (1686 1747), Russian Statesman, Born At Bochum, Westphalia, Became Secretary To Vice-admiral Cornelis Kruse, Who Had A Standing Commission From Peter The Great To Pick Up Promising Young Men, And In 1767 Entered The Tsar's Service. He Assisted The Vice Chancellor Shafirov During The Negotiations Which ...

Antoine Frederic Ozanam
Ozanam, Antoine Frederic French Scholar, Was Born At Milan On April 23, 1813. Antoine Studied Law At Paris, Where He Fell In With The Ampere Family, Chateau Briand, Lacordaire, Montalembert, And Other Leaders Of The Neo Catholic Movement. In Conjunction With Other Young Men He Founded In May 1833 The ...

Antoni Ferdynand 1876 Ossendowski
Ossendowski, Antoni Ferdynand (1876 ), Polish Traveller And Writer, Was Born On May 27, 1876, In The Government Of Witebsk. He Studied At St. Petersburg (len Ingrad) And At Paris, Where He Received The Degree Of Docteur Des Sciences And Officier D'academie For His Work Entitled The Allotropy Of Silver. ...

Architectural Ornament
Ornament, Architectural. In Decorative Art Ornament Is That Element Which Supplies Beauty In Detail By The Addition Of Anything Which Gives An Aesthetic Pleasure. In All Beginnings Of Primitive Culture Man Shows A Marked Tendency To Decorate His Utensils, Fabrics And Ceramics With Some Sort Of Ornament. These Early Designs, ...

Asiatic Coins
Asiatic Coins Achaemenids.—the Ancient Kingdoms Of The Nearer East, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian And Hittite, Had No Coined Money, Nor Had The Earlier Achaemenids Of Persia. Not Till After Cyrus Conquered Lydia In 546 B.c. Did The Persians Learn The Art Of Coinage. It Is Not Certain Which Achaemenid Ruler First ...

Assize Of Northampton
Northampton, Assize Of, A Short Code Of English Laws Issued In 1176, Drawn Up In The Form Of Instructions To Six Committees Of Three Judges Each, Who Were To Visit The Six Cir Cuits Into Which England Was Divided For The Purpose. Though Purporting To Be A Reissue Of The ...

Athens
Athens). By What Steps The Mysteries Grew In Importance And Fame We Do Not Know, But Certainly Peisistratus Paid Attention To Them, While Pericles Found Them Highly Important And Made Them More So. Decrees Of His Time' Proclaim A Holy Truce For Pilgrims To The Festival And Invite The Subject-allies ...

Bank Of Naples
Naples, Bank Of, Is An Autonomous, Public Utility, Non Profit Earning Foundation, Incorporated Under A Charter Granted In 1866. Its Origins Date Back To 1539 When Two Public-spirited Neapolitans, Aurelio Paparo And Leonardo Di Palma, Founded In Their City A First Bank With A Capital Of 4,000 Ducats For Granting ...

Barthold Georg Niebuhr
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg German Statesman And Historian, Son Of Karsten Niebuhr (q.v.), Was Born At Copenhagen On Aug. 27, 1776. After Studying At The University Of Kiel, He Became Private Secretary To Count Schimmelmann, Danish Minister Of Finance, But In 1799 Entered The State Service. He Was Chief Director Of ...

Basis Of The Number
Basis Of The Number System The Integers As Are Now In A Position To Indicate In What Sense The Integers Alone May Be Regarded As Basis For These Extensions. Our First Step Is To Define A Fraction As A Pair Of Associated Integers — , And To Define Addition And ...

Battle Of Lake Narocz
Narocz, Battle Of Lake. Lake Narocz, In Poland, 62m. E.n.e. Of Wilno (vilna), Gives Its Name To A Great Offensive By The Russian 2nd Army In The Spring Of 1916. (see World War: Section Vii. And Map.) General Situation On The Eastern River Pripet Formed The Dividing Line Between The ...

Battle Of Nashville
Battle Of Nashville During The Civil War Nashville Was Captured By The Federals (feb. '62) After The Fall Of Fort Donelson And Remained In Their Hands Till The End. The Battle Of Nashville Was Fought (dec. 15 16, '64) Between A Federal Army Under G. H. Thomas And Hood's Army ...

Battle Of Navarino
Navarino, Battle Of, Fought On Oct. 20, 1827. By The Treaty Signed In London On July 6, 1827 (see Greece, His Tory), England, France And Russia Agreed To Demand An Armistice, As Preliminary To A Settlement. Sir Edward Codrington, Then British Commander-in-chief In The Mediterranean, Received The Treaty On The ...

Battle Of Neuve Chapelle
Neuve Chapelle, Battle Of (march 10-13, 1915). Neuve Chapelle Is A Village In Pas De Calais West Of Lille. Pop. 319 (1921). To Understand The Tactical Idea Upon Which The Battle Of Neuve Chapelle Was Founded (the First Of The Siege War Fare Battles Undertaken By The British Army In ...

Battle Of The Nile
Nile, Battle Of The. The Battle Of The Nile Was Fought In Aboukir Bay, Near Alexandria, On Aug. 1, 1798. It Arose Out Of Napoleon's Famous Egyptian Expedition, The First News Of Which Had Reached Jervis, Off Cadiz, Earlier In The Year, In The Shape Of Rumours Of Great Activity ...

Battles Of The Narew
Narew, Battles Of The. The Battles On The River Narew, North-east Of Warsaw, In July And Aug. 1915, Were A Part Of The Great Offensive Planned By Falkenhayn Against Russia. During May And June, Mackensen Had Driven The Russian Armies In Galicia From Tarnow On The Dunajec To The East ...

Benito Mussolini
Mussolini, Benito (1883— ), Italian Statesman And Journalist, Was Born July 29, 1883, At Dovia, In The Commune Of Predappio (province Of Forli). His Father, Alessandro Musso Lini, Was A Blacksmith Of Internationalist Revolutionary And Anti Religious Opinions, And Played An Active Part In The Local Socialist Movement, While His ...

Bernardino Ochino
Ochino, Bernardino Italian Reformer, Was Born At Siena. He Entered The Order Of Observantine Friars, The Strictest Sect Of The Franciscans, And Rose To Be Its General, But, Craving A Yet Stricter Rule, Transferred Himself In 1534 To The Newly Founded Order Of Capuchins, Of Which In 1538 He Was ...

Bernardo 1776 1842 Ohiggins
O'higgins, Bernardo (1776-1842), Soldier And Statesman, Head Of The First Permanent National Government Of Chile, Was Born At Chinn On Aug. 20, 1776, The Natural Son Of The Irishman Ambrosio O'higgins, Governor Of Chile (1778-95), And Viceroy Of Peru (1795-1801). Educated In England And Spain, He Returned To Chile In ...

Bird Banding
Bird Banding Until The Beginning Of The Present Century The Study Of Migra Tion Was Carried On By Mass-observation, Under Which Records Were Kept Of The First Appearance For Each Species And Of Its Subse Quent Fluctuations In Abundance, The Value Of The Records Depend Ing To A Certain Degree ...

Birkenfeld
Birkenfeld.) General Features.—the Total Population Of The Republic Of Oldenburg In 1933 Was 512,868. The Bulk Of The Inhabitants Are Of Saxon Stock, But To The North And West Of The Republic There Are Numerous Descendants Of The Ancient Frisians. Low German (platt-deutsch) Is Universally Spoken, Except In One Limited ...

Birkenfeld_2
Birkenfeld. ) General Features.—the Total Population Of The Republic Of Oldenburg In 1933 Was 512,868. The Bulk Of The Inhabitants Are Of Saxon Stock, But To The North And West Of The Republic There Are Numerous Descendants Of The Ancient Frisians. Low German (platt-deutsch) Is Universally Spoken, Except In One ...

British Coins
British Coins The Earliest Coins Struck In Britain Were Rude Uninscribed Imita Tions Of The Stater Of Philip Ii. Of Macedon (359-336 B.c.), One Of The Great Currencies Of The Ancient World; They Reached Britain Through Gaul Where They Had Been Imitated By The Various Tribes There (pl. V1.-1). The ...

British Medals
British Medals War Medals.—the Earliest Medal In Existence Struck For An Englishman For War Service Is That Awarded To John Kendal In 1480. Kendal Was Prior Of The English Knights Of St. John Of Jerusalem And In 1480, Relieved Rhodes. His Medal Is Now In The British Museum. Although Decorative ...

British National Debt
British National Debt That The National Debt Of Great Britain Is Of Comparatively Recent Date Is Seen From The Fact That At The Time Of The Advent Of William Iii. To The Throne The Total Debt Was Only About I85,000 Borrowed On Tallies In Anticipation Of Duties On French Linens. ...

British Provincial Press
British Provincial Press The First Provincial Paper In England Was The Weekly Worcester Postman, 1690, Now Berrow's Worcester Journal. In The First Twenty Years Of The 18th Century A Number Of Other Journals Sprang Up In Country Towns, Practically All Of Them Being Weekly Journals. Among Them Were The Stamford ...