Angola

The Restoration: 1640-1755.

On Dec. 13, 164o, the duke of Braganza was crowned as John IV., and on Jan. 19, 1641, the cortes formally accepted him as king. Thus the "Sixty Years' Captivity" came to an end and the throne passed to the house of Braganza. In the subsequent struggle the Portuguese armies were at first successful. D. Matheus de Albuquerque defeated the Spaniards under the baron of Molingen at Montijo (May 26, 1644), and throughout the reign of John IV. (164o-56) they suffered no serious reverse.

John IV. was succeeded by his second son, Alphonso VI. (1656 83), then aged thirteen. During the king's minority the queen mother, D. Luisa, acted as regent. She prosecuted the war with vigour, and on Jan. 14, 1659, a Portuguese army defeated the Spaniards at Elvas. In March 1659, however, the war between France and Spain was ended by the treaty of the Pyrenees ; and D. Luis de Haro, acting as the Spanish plenipotentiary, obtained the inclusion in the treaty of a secret article by which France un dertook to give no further aid to Portugal. In May 1663 the mar riage was celebrated between Charles II. of England and Catherine of Braganza and Great Britain took the place of France as the active ally of Portugal. The dowry to be paid by Portugal was fixed at L500,000 and the cession to Great Britain of Bombay and Tangier.

On June 20, 1662, the feeble Alphonso VI. declared himself of age and seized the royal authority. The count of Castello Melhor directed the policy of the nation while Schomberg took charge of its defence. The army, reinforced by British troops under the earl of Inchiquin and by French and German volunteers or mercenaries, was led in the field by Portuguese generals, who successfully car ried out the plans of Schomberg. On June 8, 1663, the count of Villa Flor defeated D. John of Austria, and retook Evora, which had been captured by the invaders; on July 7, 1664, Pedro de Magalhaes defeated the duke of Osuna at Ciudad Rodrigo ; on June 17, 1665, the marquess of Marialva destroyed a Spanish army at the battle of Montes Claros, and Christovao de Brito Pereira followed up this victory with another at Villa Vicosa. The Spaniards failed to gain any compensating advantage, and on Feb. 13, 1668, peace was concluded at Lisbon, Spain consenting to recognize the independence of the Portuguese kingdom.

Pedro II., who by a palace intrigue had deposed and imprisoned Alphonso VI., acted as regent for 15 years. In 1683, on the death of the latter at Cintra, he became king. His reign (1683-1706) is a period of supreme importance in the economic and constitutional history of Portugal. The goldfields of Minas Geraes in Brazil, discovered about 1693, brought a vast revenue in royalties to the Crown, which was thus anabled to govern without summoning the cortes to vote supply. In 1697 the cortes met for the last time before the era of constitutional government.

On March 7, 1704, a British fleet under Sir George Rooke reached Lisbon, convoying the archduke Charles and i0,000 Brit ish troops, who were joined by a Portuguese army under D. Joao de Sousa, marquess das Minas, and at once invaded Spain. (For

the campaigns of 1704-13, see SPANISH SUCCESSION, WAR OF THE.) In 1705 Pedro II. was compelled by failing health to ap point a regent, and chose his sister, Catherine of Braganza, queen dowager of England. On the death of the king (Dec. 9, 1706) his minister, the duke of Cadaval, arranged a marriage between his successor John V. (I706-50) and the archduchess Marianna, sister of the archduke Charles, thus binding Portugal more closely to the Anglo-Austrian cause. The strain of the war was acutely felt in Portugal, especially in 1711, when the French admiral Duguay Trouin sacked Rio de Janeiro and cut off the Brazilian treasure ships. On Feb. 6, 1715, nearly two years after the Treaty of Utrecht, peace between Spain and Portugal was concluded at Madrid.

The Reform of the Monarchy.-John

V. was a spendthrift and a bigot. He gave and lent enormous sums to successive popes, and at the bidding of Clement XI. he joined a "crusade" against the Turks in which his ships helped to win a naval action off Cape Matapan (1717). For these services he received the title of Fidelissimus, "Most Faithful"; "Majesty" had already been adopted by John IV. instead of the mediaeval "Highness." Pombal.-John V. was succeeded by his son Joseph (1750-77). Two days after his accession, Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Mello, better known as the marquess of Pombal (q.v.), was appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs and war. In a few months he gained an ascendancy over the king's mind which lasted until the end of the reign, and was strengthened by the courage and wisdom shown by Pombal at the time of the great national disaster of the Lisbon earthquake (see LISBON). He sought to undo the con sequences of the Methuen Treaty by the creation of national in dustries, establishing a gunpowder factory and a sugar refinery in 1751, a silk industry in 1752, wool, paper and glass factories after 1759. Colonial development was fostered, and the commercial dependence of Portugal upon Great Britain was reduced by the formation of chartered companies, the first of which (1753) was given control of the Algarve sardine and tunny fisheries. Both his commercial policy and his desire to strengthen the Crown brought Pombal into conflict with the Church and the aristocracy. In 1751 he had made all sentences passed by the Inquisition subject to re vision by the Crown. The liberation of all slaves in Para and Maranhao except negroes (1755), and the creation of the Para company, were prejudicial to the interests of the Jesuits, whose administrative authority over the Indians of Brazil was also cur tailed. Various charges were brought against the society by Pombal, and in Sept. 1759, after five years of heated controversy (see JEsulTs), he published a decree of expulsion against all its members in the Portuguese dominions; in June 1760 the papal nuncio was ordered to leave Lisbon, and diplomatic relations with the Vatican were only resumed after the condemnation of the Jesuits by Clement XIV., in July 1773.