Under the brothers Pedro V. (1853-61) and Luiz' (1861-89) Portugal obtained a respite from civil strife. Pedro V. came of age and assumed the government on Nov. 16, 1855; in 1857 he married Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern. The king died of cholera on Nov. 11, 1861, and two of his brothers, D. Ferdinand and D. John, died shortly afterwards. D. Luiz was absent at the time, and his father, D. Ferdinand, again became regent until his return, soon of ter which (1862) the new king married Maria Pia, daughter of Victor Emanuel II. of Italy. In 1869 slavery was abolished in every Portuguese colony.
King Luiz died on Oct. 19, 1889, and was succeeded by his son, D. Carlos (q.v.). Shortly after his accession a dispute arose with Great Britain (see AFRICA), when a Portuguese force under Maj. Serpa Pinto invaded the Shire highlands in order to forestall their annexation by the British, and the British government de manded satisfaction. Public opinion rendered compliance diffi cult until a British squadron was despatched to the mouth of the Tagus, and the British minister presented an ultimatum (Jan. II, 1890), requiring the withdrawal of all Portuguese forces from the Shire. Barros Gomes was then able to yield under protest ; but disturbances at once broke out in Lisbon and Oporto, and the ministry resigned. A republican rising was suppressed in Lisbon, and many suspected officers were degraded.
The extravagant management of the railways guaranteed by the State had entailed such heavy deficits that the payment of the coupon of the railway State loan, due on Jan. 2, 1892, had to be suspended. A serious financial crisis arose, and in May the Portu guese government committed a formal act of bankruptcy by issuing a decree reducing the amount then due to foreign bond holders by two-thirds. The budget showed a deficit. In these circumstances the Republican Party which had been formed in 1881 rapidly gained ground.
ister, was conspicuous among Portuguese politicians for his integ rity, energy and courage; he intended to reform the national fi nances and administration-by constitutional means, if possible. When the cortes met, on Sept. 29, the opposition accused King Carlos of complicity in grave financial scandals. All parties be lieved that the ministry would fall, when, on May 2, 1907, Joao Franco reconstructed his cabinet, secured the dissolution of the cortes and announced that certain bills still under discussion would receive the force of law.
Assassination of King Carlos.-The ministerial press from time to time announced the discovery of sensational plots against the king and the dictator. It is, however, uncertain whether the assassination of King Carlos and the crown prince (see CARLOS I.), on Feb. I, 1908, was part of a widely organized conspiracy, or whether it was the act of an isolated band of fanatics, uncon nected with any political party. The republican press applauded the murder ; the professional politicians benefited by it. On May 'During the i8th and 19th centuries the name, spelt Luis in the 16th century and since 1911, was spelt Luiz.
6, 1908, D. Manoel (q.v.) swore to uphold the constitution and was acclaimed king by the cortes. His uncle D. Afonso (b. 1865) took a similar oath as crown prince on March 22, 1910.
(K. G. J.) The Revolution of 1910.-At the general election of Aug. 1910 the republican candidates in Lisbon and Oporto were re turned by large majorities. On Oct. 3 the murder of a distin guished republican physician, Dr. Miguel Bombarda, precipitated the revolution which had been organized to take place in Lisbon ten days later. The republican soldiers in Lisbon, aided by armed civilians and by the warships in the Tagus, attacked the loyal garrison, and municipal guards, shelled the Necessidades Palace, and after severe street-fighting (Oct. 4-6) became masters of the capital. The king escaped to Ericeira, and thence, with the other members of the royal family, to Gibraltar. Soon afterwards they travelled to England, where the king was received by the duke of Orleans. A provisional government was formed under the presi dency of Dr. Theophilo Braga.