Angola

In Brazil also a revolution had taken place. The Brazilians de manded complete independence, and D. Pedro sided with them. The Portuguese garrison of Rio de Janeiro was overpowered; on Sept. 7, 1822, D. Pedro declared the country independent, and on Oct. 12 he was proclaimed constitutional emperor.

John VI. died on March 10, 1826, leaving his daughter, D. Isabel Maria, as regent for Pedro I. of Brazil, who now became Pedro IV. of Portugal. To conciliate the Portuguese, Pedro IV. drew up a charter (the "charter of 1826") which provided for moderate parliamentary government. To conciliate the Brazilians, he undertook (by decree dated May 2, 1826) to surrender the Portuguese Crown to his daughter D. Maria da Gloria (then aged seven) ; but this abdication was made contingent upon her mar riage with her uncle D. Miguel, who was first required to swear fidelity to the charter.

Constitutional Government-The

charter was brought to Lisbon by Sir Charles Stuart in July 1826. The absolutists had hoped that D. Pedro would abdicate unconditionally in favour of D. Miguel, and the council of regency at first refused to publish the charter. They were forced to do so (July 12) by a pronun ciamento issued by the count of Saldanha, commander of the army in Oporto, who threatened to march on Lisbon if the regency did not swear obedience to the charter by July 31. In October D. Miguel took the oath and was betrothed to his niece, D. Maria da Gloria (Maria II.). Pedro IV. appointed him regent in July 1827 and in Feb. 1828 he landed in Lisbon, where he was received with cries of "Viva D. Miguel I., rei absoluto!" In March he dissolved the parliament which had met in accordance with the charter. In April the Tory ministry under Wellington withdrew Clinton's division, which had been sent by Canning and was the mainstay of the charter. In May D. Miguel summoned a cortes of the ancient type, which offered him the Crown; and on July 7, 1828, he took the oath as king.

The Miguelite Wars.--In

March 1829 Palmella established a regency in the Azores on behalf of Maria II. ; and D. Miguel's fleet was defeated in Praia bay on Aug. 12. In Brazil, D. Pedro abdicated (April 1831), and determined to return to Europe and conduct in person a campaign for the restoration of Maria II. He was received with enthusiasm by Louis Philippe. In Great Britain Palmella raised a loan of £2,000,000 and purchased a small fleet, of which Captain Sartorius, a retired British naval officer, was ap pointed admiral. In Feb. 1832 the "Liberators," as they were

styled, sailed from Belleisle to the Azores, with D. Pedro aboard the flagship. In July they reached Portugal and occupied Oporto, but the expected constitutionalist rising did not take place. The country was almost unanimous in its loyalty to D. Miguel, who had 8o,000 troops against the 6,50o (including 500 French and 30o British) of D. Pedro. But the Miguelites had no navy, and no competent general. They besieged D. Pedro in Oporto from July 1832 to July 1833, when the duke of Terceira and Capt. Charles Napier, who had succeeded Sartorius, effected a daring and successful diversion which resulted in the capture of Lisbon (July 24, 1833). Maria II. arrived from France in September, D. Miguel surrendered at Evora-Monte on May 24, 1834. On Sept. 24 D. Pedro died.

Maria II. was 15 years old at her accession. She was twice married-in Dec. 1834 to Augustus, duke of Leuchtenberg, who died four months afterwards; and in April 1836 to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, who received the title of king-consort in Sept. 1837 By a successful coup d'etat of Sept. 9-I I, 1836, the constitution of 1822 was substituted for the charter of 1826. A pronuncia mento by Costa Cabral led to the restoration of the charter on Feb. 1o, 1842, and Cabral, who became count of Thomar in 1845, ruled until the "War of Maria da Fonte" (May 1846) drove him into exile. Oporto was held by a revolutionary junta, and Sal danha, who had become prime minister, persuaded the Quadruple Alliance to intervene. In June 1847 the Oporto junta surrendered, under promise of an amnesty, to a combined British and Spanish force, and the Convention of Granada (July 24, 1847) ended the war. Saldanha was rewarded with a dukedom, and retained office until June 1849. When Thomar was reinstated his dictatorial rule provoked another successful rising on April 7, 1851. Thomar again fled from the country ; Saldanha again became prime minis ter, but at the head of a moderate coalition. He remained in power for five years (1851-56), and carried many useful reforms. Maria II. died on Nov. 13, 1853, and was succeeded by her eldest son D. Pedro, during whose ministry the king-consort D. Ferdinand acted as regent.