Angola

The World War.-At

a special joint sitting of both chambers on Aug. 7, 1914, Portugal proclaimed her loyalty to the British alliance, and on Nov. 23 formally committed herself to partici pation in military operations. She served the cause of the Allies by furnishing munitions, guns and a division of artillery, and acted in close co-operation with Great Britain. On Sept. 11 the first expedition of Portuguese troops left for Africa under the com mand of Cols. Alves Rocadas and Massano de Amorim, and fresh contingents followed at intervals, 40,000 troops in all being des patched for the defence of the colonies. As early as Aug. 1914, however, a raid by German forces was made on the Portu guese post of Maziwa on the northern frontier of Mozambique. On Oct. 19 the Germans attacked Naulila (on the Angola frontier), where more serious fighting occurred two months later, and on Oct. 3o they stormed the fortress of Kwangar and put the garri son to the sword. On April 11, 1916, Portuguese troops occupied Kionga (south of the Rovuma river), which Germany had seized in 1894, and on May 27 they crossed the Rovuma river. They were still co-operating with the British in rounding up the Ger mans when the war ended. The British Government had depre cated any unnecessary intervention of Portugal in the war, but agreed to the requisitioning of German ships lying in Portuguese ports, and this was carried into effect in Feb. 1916.

Consequently, Germany retaliated by declaring war on Portu gal on March 9 and the declaration of war between Portugal and Austria followed on March 16. German submarines were active off the coast of Portugal during the autumn, many ships being sunk in 1917. By a decree of Jan. 17, 1917, Gen. Fernando Ta magnini de Abreu (d. 1924) was given command of the Portuguese expeditionary force, and by July there were over 40,000 Portu guese troops on the Western Front, with 20,000 in Portugal ready to reinforce them. On April 9, 1918, on the Lys river, the Portu guese contingent met a formidable attack by the Germans.

Political Movements During the War.-On Dec. 13, 1914, Dr. Machado was succeeded in the premiership by the democrat, Senhor Azevedo Coutinho, but a military movement following, President Arriaga appealed to Gen. Pimenta de Castro to consti tute a Government representative of a wider body of opinion in the country; the latter formed a ministry on Jan. 28, 1915.

The general election was fixed for June 6, 1915. In April an amnesty emptied the prisons. The democrats were, however, able to count on the support of the marines, and on May 14 the sailors mutinied, shot the captains of the "Almirante Reis" and "Vasco da Gama" and bombarded Lisbon, about 1 oo persons being killed. Pimenta de Castro resigned on May 15 and was arrested next day and transported to the Azores. The revolu tionary committee nominated Chagas as premier, but on May 16 he was shot at and wounded in the train on his way to Lisbon. Chagas was succeeded by Dr. Jose de Castro. In a message addressed to Parliament Arriaga resigned the presidency as from May 29, 1915 (he died on March 5, 1917), and, after an interim presidency under Dr. Theophilo Braga, was succeeded, on Aug.

6, 1915, by Dr. Bernardino Machado. The Government resigned in June, Castro again becoming premier, but in November Dr. Costa returned to office. On Dec. 5, 1917, a revolution, directed against the internal policy of Costa and the Democrats, broke out at Lisbon. After two days' fighting victory was won by the insur gents, whose artillery had opened fire upon the fleet. Dr. Costa was arrested and President Machado was banished. Vice-Admiral Machado dos Santos was released from prison, and with Maj. Sidonio Paes, the leader of the movement, and Capt. Feliciano Costa, formed a revolutionary committee. A provisional govern ment was now constituted, Maj. Paes becoming president and Minister for War and Foreign Affairs. The radical sailors mu tinied on Jan. 8, 1918, and bombarded Lisbon, but the movement was quelled and several hundreds were deported to Africa.

In March 1918 Paes reconstructed his ministry, and the elec tions, on an enlarged franchise, were held on April 28. Paes was elected president by 500,000 votes and was proclaimed president on May 9, the Powers recognizing the new regime.

The first anniversary of the revolution was celebrated with national rejoicings on Dec. 5-8, 1918, but on Dec. 14 President Paes was shot at the Rocio station by Jose Julio da Costa and died a few minutes later. On Dec. 16 Admiral Joao de Canto e Castro was provisionally elected president, and in Jan. 1919 Senhor Tamagnini Barbosa formed a ministry, reviving the office of premier. The Peace Treaty was ratified on March 3o, 192o. At the Spa Conference (q.v.), in July 1920, Portugal secured three-fourths of one per cent as her share of the total indemnity from Germany, and also received Kionga.

On June 1, Admiral Canto e Castro resigned and was suc ceeded by Dr. Antonio Jose de Almeida on Aug. 6. There fol lowed a succession of short-lived ministries and on March 2, 1921, a new coalition ministry was formed, under the premiership of Dr. Bernardino Machado. A military pronunciamento on May 20 caused the resignation of Dr. Machado. He was succeeded by a Liberal ministry under Dr. Barros Queiroz, who dissolved Parliament and held a general election on July io.

A solemn pledge had been taken to punish all who had sup ported the moderate republican, President Paes; in Oct. 1921, the barbarities culminated in the murder of the new premier, Dr. Antonio Granjo, the founder of the republic, Admiral Machado dos Santos, and other prominent persons. The appearance of foreign battleships in the Tagus brought the assassins to their senses for a time. Capt. Cunha Leal formed a short-lived ministry and was succeeded in Feb. 1922 by Sr. Antonio Maria da Silva. A number of ministries, lasting two or three weeks apiece, followed his resig nation 21 months later, political instability being further in creased by divisions in the Democrat Party.