In 1760 Admiral Boscawen had violated Portuguese neutrality by burning four French ships off Lagos; Pombal protested and the British Government apologized, but not before the military weak ness of Portugal had been demonstrated. Two years later, when the Family Compact involved Portugal in a war with Spain, Pombal called in Count William of Lippe-Biickeburg to reorganize the army, which was reinforced by a British contingent under Brigadier-General John Burgoyne, and was increased from 5,000 to 50,000 men. The Spaniards were at first successful, and captured Braganza and Almeida ; but they were subsequently defeated at Villa Velha and Valencia de Alcantara, and the Portuguese fully held their own up to the signature of peace at Fontainebleau, in Feb. 1763. After the death of King Joseph (Feb. 20, 1777) and the accession of his daughter Maria I., Pombal's dismissal, brought about by the influence of the queen-mother Mariana Victoria, did not involve an immediate reversal of his policy. The controversy with Spain was amicably settled by the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777) and further industrial and educational reforms were in augurated. Queen Maria, who had previously shown signs of religious mania, became wholly insane after 1788, owing to the deaths of her consort, Pedro III. (May, 1786), of the crown prince, D. Joseph, and of her confessor, the inquisitor-general, D. Ignacio de S. Caetano. Her second son, D. John, assumed the conduct of affairs in 1792, although he did not take the title of regent until 1799.
The French Revolution.-To face the revolutionary move ment in France a treaty of alliance was signed at Aranjuez in March 1793 between Spain and Portugal; 5,000 Portuguese troops were sent to assist in a Spanish invasion of France ; a Portuguese squadron joined the British Mediterranean fleet. But in July 1795 Spain concluded a peace with the French republic from which Portugal, as the ally of Great Britain, was deliberately excluded. In 1797 Spain, at war with Great Britain, secretly negotiated with France for the partition of Portugal. D. John appealed for help to Great Britain, which sent him 6,000 men, under Sir Charles Stuart, and a subsidy of £200,000. In 1799 negotiations with France were reopened, but D. John rejected the demands of Lucien Bona parte, Napoleon's emissary, and on Feb. io, 18o1, declared war upon Spain. His territories were at once invaded by a Franco Spanish army, and on June 6, 18o1, he was forced to conclude the peace of Badajoz, by which he ceded the frontier fortress of Olivenza to Spain, and undertook to pay 20,000,000 francs to Napoleon and to exclude British ships from Portuguese ports. The Peninsular War.-By his Berlin decree of Nov. 21, 1806, Napoleon required all Continental states to close their ports to British ships. As Portugal again refused to obey, another secret Franco-Spanish treaty was signed at Fontainebleau on Oct. 27, 1807, providing for the partition of Portugal. General Junot hastened westward across Spain, at the head of 30,00o French soldiers and a large body of Spanish auxiliaries. So rapid were his movements that there was no time to organize effective re sistance. On Nov. 29 D. John, acting on the advice of Sir Sidney Smith, British naval commander in the Tagus, appointed a council of regency and sailed for Brazil, convoyed by Sir Sidney Smith's squadron. On Aug. 1, 1808, Sir Arthur Wellesley, with 9,000 British troops, landed at Figueira da Foz. He defeated a French division at Rolloa on the 17th, and on the 21st won a victory over Junot at Vimeiro. Fearing an attack by Portuguese auxil
iaries and the arrival of British reinforcements under Sir John Moore, Junot signed the Convention of Cintra by which, on Aug. 30, 18°8, he agreed to evacuate Portugal (see WELLINGTON). In Feb. 1809 Major-General William Carr Beresford was given com mand of the Portuguese army. In March Soult crossed the Gali cian frontier and captured Oporto, while an auxiliary force under General Lapisse advanced from Salamanca. On April 22, however, Wellesley, who had been recalled after the Convention of Cintra, landed in Lisbon. On May I2 he forced the passage of the Douro, subsequently retaking Oporto and pursuing Soult into Spain.
After his defeat by Wellesley (at that time Viscount Welling ton) at Bussaco on Sept. 27 the French general, Marshal Massena turned the position of the allied army on the Serra de Bussaco, and caused Wellington to fall back upon the fortified lines which he had already constructed at Torres Vedras. On March 5, 1811, after a winter of terrible sufferings, Massena's retreat began ; he was harassed by the allied troops all the way to Sabugal, where the last rearguard action in Portugal took place on April 3 (see PENINSULAR WAR.) The Constitutional Movement.-By a decree dated Jan. 16, 1815, Brazil was raised to the rank of a separate kingdom. The importance of this change became apparent when Queen Maria I. died (March 1816) and D. John succeeded to the united thrones as John VI. The king refused to leave Brazil, partly owing to the intrigues of Carlota Joaquina, who hoped to become queen of an independent Brazilian kingdom. In 1817 a military revolt (pronunciamento) in Lisbon was crushed by Beresford, and the leader, Gen. Gomes Freire de Andrade, was executed ; but on Aug. 16, 182o, after Beresford had sailed to Brazil to secure the return of John VI., a second rising took place in Oporto. It soon spread southward. A new council of regency was established in Lisbon, the British officers were expelled from the army; Beres ford, on his return from Brazil, was not permitted to land ; a con stituent assembly was summoned and drew up a highly demo cratic constitution. Great Britain insisted on the return of John VI., who entrusted the government of Brazil to his elder son D. Pedro and landed in Portugal on July 3, 1821. In 1822, on the advice of D. Pedro, he swore to obey the constitution (the "constitution of 1822"). But his younger son, D. Miguel, and the queen, Carlota Joaquina, refused to take the oath; and in Dec. 1822 sentence of banishment was pronounced against them, though not enforced. D. Miguel appealed to the army to "restore liberty to their king," and the army, incensed by the loss of Brazil (1822), gave him almost unanimous support. At this juncture John VI., vainly seeking for a compromise, abrogated the constitution of 1822, but appointed as his minister D. Pedro de Sousa Holstein, count (afterwards duke) of Palmella and leader of the "English" or constitutional party. These half measures did not satisfy D. Miguel, whose soldiers seized the royal palace in Lisbon on April 30, 1824. Palmella was arrested, and John VI. forced to take refuge on the British flagship in the Tagus. But the united action of the foreign ministers restored the king and reinstated Palmella; the insurrection was crushed; D. Miguel submitted and went into exile (June 1824).