Angola

The subsequent political history of Portugal is a record of short-lived ministries and of revolutionary outbreaks. The effects of the revolution fell most heavily on the poor of the country dis tricts and emigration increased to an unprecedented extent.

The Constitution.-The

Provisional Government of the re public consisted of Dr. Theophilo Braga (1843-1924), president, Dr. Antonio Almeida (1866-1929), home affairs, Dr. Afonso Costa (justice ), Col. Correa Barreto (war), Dr. Amaro Azevedo Gomes (marine ), Dr. Bernardino Machado (foreign affairs), Dr. Basilio Telles and, later, Dr. Jose Relvas (finance), Dr. Antonio Luiz Gomes and, later, Dr. Brito Camacho (public works). It lasted till Aug. 24, 1911. On March 18, 1911, the new electoral law came into force. It gave the vote to all Portuguese over 21. By the law of 1918 the number of deputies was reduced to 155, re turned by 51 constituencies, of which Lisbon returned 14, Oporto six. The representation in the senate, consisting of 77 members, was made regional and professional.

The constitutional assembly was opened on June 19, 1911, and a decree was passed declaring the monarchy abolished and the house of Braganza for ever banished. On Aug. 20 the new consti tution was voted. It provided for two chambers, that of the dep uties, consisting of 163 members to be elected every three years, and the senate, consisting of 71 members. The president of the republic was to be elected by both chambers for four years and could not be re-elected.

The first president under the new constitution was Dr. Manuel de Arriaga. Dr. Joao Chagas (d. 1925) was premier and minister of home affairs in the first constitutional ministry.

Church and State.-The

anti-clerical policy of the provisional government had entailed serious difficulties. The bishops signed a pastoral letter of protest, and on March 8, 1911, the bishop of Oporto was removed from his see. The religious orders had been expelled by the decree of Oct. 8, 1910, their property confiscated and the convents closed. By that of Oct. 22 the teaching of religion in the primary schools was forbidden. Marriage of priests became legal. On April 20, 1911, the decree of separation be tween Church and State was drawn up, and the Roman Catholic religion ceased to be that of the State, which recognized all creeds as of equal authority.

The law was extended in Nov. 1913 to the Portuguese colonies, where the discouragement of Portuguese missions later gave rise to serious fears of the denationalization of the colonies through the activity of foreign missionaries. (Administrative and finan

cial autonomy was given to the colonies on Aug. 15, 1914.) When Paes subsequently became president, one of his first acts was to redress some of the grievances suffered under the law of separa tion, and, by a decree of Dec. 22, 1917, banishment imposed on the priests was annulled, and the cardinal patriarch returned to Lisbon. Relations with the Vatican, broken off on July io, 1913, were resumed in 1918.

The Royalist Invasions.-The

main event of Senhor Chagas's premiership was the first royalist invasion. Capt. Paiva Couceiro crossed the frontier on Oct. 3, 1911, at the head of about Loco men, not a quarter of whom were armed with rifles. He advanced towards Braganza, and took the small town of Vinhaes, but evac uated it on Oct. 6 and, after maintaining himself for a fortnight in the hills, recrossed the frontier. A royalist rising in Oporto, timed to coincide with this invasion, was brought prematurely to a head by Carbonario agents on Sept. 29. King Manoel and the pretender, Dom Miguel, met at Dover on Feb. 6, 1912. On July 7 Couceiro again crossed the frontier, with a slightly larger force, but most of his arms and ammunition had been seized in Belgium and Galicia. The royalists' attacks on Valenta and Chaves failed, and within a week they returned to Spain.

The arrests after the invasions of 1911 and 1912 were very numerous. Special tribunals were set up in Lisbon and Oporto in Jan. 1911, to try cases of political conspiracy, and in July 1912 Parliament voted still more stringent laws of defence.

Reforms were opposed by the Carbonarios and the radical re publicans, and some of the worst outrages were committed under the weak Government which succeeded that of Chagas in Nov. 1911, with Dr. Augusto de Vasconcellos as premier, and under the third coalition ministry formed by Dr. Duarte Leite in July 1912. Dr. Afonso Costa, the radical leader, came into power in Jan. 1913, and the minister of justice introduced a bill modifying the penitenciaria regime, but the general amnesty was delayed till Feb. 1914. The situation was one of growing unrest. Dr. Afonso Costa, who gave much of his attention to finance, resigned on Feb. 9, 1914, and Dr. Bernardino Machado became premier. He was in office when Portugal definitely ranged herself on the side of the Allies during the World War.