Gutta Percha
Gutta Percha. This Lately-discovered And Very Useful Substance Exudes From A Tree Grown In Singapore, Borneo, And Other Of The Eastern Islands. The First Specimen Seen In England Was Sent To The Society Of Arts, London, In 1843, By Dr. Montgomerie. The First Articles Made Of This Substance In England ...
Hainault
Hainault, Is A Very Fertile, Busy, And Prosperous Province Of Belgium. The Chief Crops Are Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barley, Beans, Rape, Flax, Hops, And Potatoes; Tobacco And Chicory Are Also Grown. Much Of The Land Near The Rivers Is Laid Out In Meadow ; In Other Parts Trefoil, Lucern, And ...
Hair Hair Working
Hair; Hair-working. The Hairy Coverings Of Animals Are Composed Of Long Delicate Processes Of A Horny Substance, Which Grow From Bulbs Situated In Or Beneath The Skin. Human Hair Is More Or Less Flat Tened, So That A Transverse Section Presents An Elliptical Form, Or Sometimes, From One Side Being ...
Hampshire
Hampshire. The New Forest In This County Has Varied In Area From Time To Time : At Present It Includes 64,000 Acres, And Is The Property Of The Crown, Subject To Rights Of Common And Other Ancient Claims. Much Of The Oak And Beech Timber For The Navy Is Grown ...
Hanseatic League
Hanseatic League. This Was A Very Remarkable Commercial Association, Which Took Its Name From The Ancient German Word Hasse,' Signifying An Association For Mutual Support. The Cities Of Hamburg, Lubeck, And Bremen Were, In The Middle Ages, The Deposi Tories Of The Manufactures Of Italy And Ger Many, 'with Which ...
Harbours Of Refuge
Harbours Of Refuge. Among The Engineering Works Now In Progress, In The, Southern Half Of Our Island, The Formation Of J Lharbours Of Refuge Is Not The Least Important. Numerous As Are Our Ports, Harbours, Bays, And Aestuaries, Fitted To Receive And Despatch _ Merchant Shipping, There Is A Deficiency ...
Hat Manufacture
Hat Manufacture. Hats, In The Present Day, Are Mostly Made Of Straw, Wool And Fur, Or Silk. The First Are Noticed Under Straw Plait. Beaver Hats Of The Finest Quality Are Made With Lamb's Wool And The Fur Of English Rabbits. To Form The Body Of The Hat, The Wool ...
Hatching Apparatus
Hatching Apparatus. The Method, Strange To Those Who Do Not Understand It, Of Hatching Chickens By Artificial Means, Is No Thing More Than A Mode Of Applying Warmth To The Eggs. If A Hen For Any Reason Does Not 'sit' Upon Her Brood, An Artificial Mother Is Sometimes Provided, Which ...
Havre
Havre. The Harbour Of This Important French Seaport Consists Of Three Wet Docks, And An Outer Port Separated By Locks, And Ca Pable Of Containing 450 Ships. A Fourth Dock Is In Course Of Formation For Steamers.. The Fine Quays Which Border The Docks Are Always Lined With Vessels, And ...
Hay Making Machine
Hay-making Machine. The Grasses Which Form The Material Of A Field Of Hay Are Of Several Kinds. The Sweet-scented Vernal Grass Gives The Delightful Odour To Newly Mown Hay ; The Cock's Foot Grass, A Coarser But Valu Able Herbage ; The Fox Tail Grass, Greatly Re Lished By Cattle ...
Heat
Heat. The Fundamental Laws Of Heat, So Far As They Have Yet Been Discovered, Form A Very Subtle And Difficult Department Of Science. Only A Few Words Respecting The Action Of Heat Can Be Admissible In This Work. It Is Found That Expansion, Fusion, Evapora Tion, Thermoelectric Currents, And Various ...
Herault
Herault, One Of The Departments Of France, Produces Corn In Quantity More Than Sufficient For The Consumption. There Is A Considerable Breadth Of Artificial Meadows ; And Large Crops Of Lucern, Sainfoin, And Clover Are Grown. For Quantity Of Wine Produced, Herault Stands At The Head Of The Wine Grow ...
Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire. This County Has No Minerals Of Any Value. The Barns Are Gene Rally Well Cultivated, But The Heavy Clays Are Capable Of Much Improvement. Wherever The Turnip Husbandry Prevails, The Superiority Of The Crops Is Striking. Wheat, Beans, Oats, And Mows Are The Only Varieties. Clover Is Much Less ...
Hesse
Hesse. The Small German Principalities Under This Name Do Not Occupy A Very High Rank In Industry Or Commerce. • In Hesse Cassel Flax And Timber Are The Staple Artieles: Tobacco,- Hemp, Madder, A Few Hops, And Rape Seed Are Also. Among The Products. The Vibe Is Cultivated Only In ...
Hindoo Manufactures
Hindoo Manufactures. Under East India Company We Have Glanced At The Commercial Relations Which Exist Between India And Other 'countries. We Have Here To Speak Of The Native Skill Of The Hindoos. It Is Evident From The Most Ancient Sanskrit Works, As Well As From The Testimony Of The Greeks ...
Hoe Horse Hoe
Hoe ; Horse-hoe. The Hoe Is An In Strument Used In Gardens And Fields For Loos Ening The Earth, And Destroying The Weeds Be Tween Plants. It Has Various Forms. The Most Common Hoe Consists Of A Blade Or Flat Piece Of Iron, With An Eye In Which An Handle ...
Hofwyl
Hofwyl. The Name Of This Estate Will Always Have An Industrial Interest Connected With It, On Account Of The Educational Institu Tion Of Mons. De Fellenberg. It Is Situated In A Valley About Three Leagues From Berne,in Switzerland, And Consists Of A Number Of Dis Tinct Buildings Surrounded By About ...
Holland
Holland. Although We Are In The Habit Of Giving This Name To A Kingdom, It Is In Strictness The Name Of One Of The Provinces Of The Netherlands. Under This Restricted Mean Ing, Holland May Be Described As Being Flat, And In Many Parts Below The Level Of The Sea, ...
Honey
Honey .is A Fluid Or Semi-fluid Substance, The Materials Of Which Are Collected By Differ Ent Kinds Of Bees, In Europe-chiefly By The Hive-bee, And Solely By The Neuter Or Working Bees, From The Nectariferons Glands In The :cap Or Chalice Of Flowers. It Cannot Be Said To Be A ...
Hops
Hops. This Useful Plant, The Hunudas Itipidni Of Dinnreus, Is Extensively Cultivated For The Flowers Or Seed-vessels, Which Give Fla Vour And Permanence To Beer By Being Boiled With The Wort In Brewing. Hops Were Intro Duced Into England From Flanders About The Year 1524. The Most Extensive Plantations Are ...
Horn Manufacture
-horn Manufacture. The Ladrits Of The•bx, Antelope, Goat; And • Sheep May Be De-: Scribed As A Number Of Conical Sheaths Inserted Into One Anothet,-the Innermost Of Which Lies Upon The Vascular Membrane Which' Covers The Bony Corm- The Tip, Or That Portion Of The Point Of The Helix Which ...
Horse Shoes
Horse Shoes. This Invaluable Animal, The Horse, Subserves Many Useful Purposes To Man, After His Career As A Beast Of Burden Is At An End. The Hair Of The Tail And Mane Is Much Employed For Weaving Into A Tough Cloth, And For Other Purposes. [hem Manu Facture.] The Hide ...
Hosiery Manufacture
Hosiery Manufacture. The Prin Cipal Seat Of This Manufacture In England Is In The Three Counties Of Leicester, Nottingham, And Derby. In The First Of These, Worsted Hosiery Forms The Principal Branch Of ,the Manufacture, While In Nottinghamshire The Material Chiefly Used Is Cotton, And In Derby Shire Silk Goods ...
Hotbed Hot House
Hotbed; Hot-house. A Hot-bed Is A Heap Of Fresh Stable Litter In A State Of Fer Mentation, Upon Which A Glazed Box Is Placed For The Cultivation Of Certain Plants Requiring Heat And Moisture, In Greater Quantity Than Those Agents Exist In The External Air, For The Growthof Cucumbers And ...
House
House. The Hoiisds Of This Country Have Undergone Many Changes' Of Form And Con Struction. Three Ago They Were Constructed In A Very Different Manner From The Houses Of The Present Century. The Chief Materials Were Wood And Plaster; And A Com Mon But Peculiar Feature Was The Projecting Lupper ...
Hudsons Bay00mpany
Hudson's Bay.00mpany. This Re Markable Trading,.company. Obtains Its Name From The Great Inland :sea Which Lies Westward Of Labrador In North Ameriea. , The Countries Which Inclose ,hudson's.bay,sui All.sides Con Stitute .by Far The .greatest ..pertion Of ,the Bri Tish Dominions. In North, America. The Area Cannot Be Given, As.considerable.tracts ...
Hull
Hull. This Seaport Is The Greatest Ship Ping Emporium On The East Coast Next To Lon Don. The Exports Formerly Were Chiefly Wool, Woollens, And Leather ; Its Imports, Wine And Timber. At Present The Coasting Trade Is One Of Its Chief Branches Of Profit. It Has Also An Extensive ...
Hydrogen
Hydrogen. This Remarkable Gas Is The Tightest Of All Known Bocliei: It Maybe Oh Ained In Several Modes, But It Is Usually Pro Iured By The Decomposition Of Water, By Musing Some Substance To Act Upon It Which Affinity For Its Oxygen And None For The Aydrogen, So That This ...
Hydrometer
Hydrometer. The Principle Of The Hydrometer Is This :—when A Body Is Im Mersed In A Fluid It Loses As Much Of Its Weight As Is Equal To The Weight Of That Par Lion Of The Fluid Which It Displaces. Hence, If The Same Body Be Immersed Successively In Two ...
Hygrometer
Hygrometer. This Is An Instrument Serving To Determine The Quantity Of Aqueous Vapour In The Atmosphere Or Other Gas Under Examination. M. De Luc Employed For This Purpose A Thin Slip Of Whalebone, The Con Tractions Of Which Indicated The Variations Of Moisture; And De Saussure Had Recourse To A ...
Ice Trade
Ice Trade. A Remarkable Traffic Has Sprung Up Within The Last Few Years ; Viz.,1 The Transport Of Ice From America To Various Parts Of The World. In The East Indies The Artificial Formation Of Ice Has Been Long Carried On, As The Only Means Of Cooling Be Verages And ...
Iesthetics
Iesthe'tics. 2esthetik Is The Designa Tion Given By German Writers To A Branch Of Philosophical Inquiry, The Object Of Which Is 11 Philosophical Theory Of The Beautiful, Or, More Definitely Expressed, A Philosophy Of Poetry And The Fine Arts, And Which Has By Them Been Raised To The Rank Of ...
Ille Et Vilalne
Ille-et-vilalne. The Soil Of This Department Of France Is Made To Produce All Kinds Of Breadstuffs, In Quantity More Than Enough For The Wants Of The Population. In The Rich Soils, Wheat Of Excellent Quality Is Raised ; Tobacco Is Grown Near St. Malo ; Rye, Barley, Oats, Buckwheat, And ...
Imports And Exports
Imports And Exports. Until A Time Comparatively Recent, Our Official Trade Accounts Were Not Furnished In Such A Manner As To Allow• Of .any Certain Deductions Being Made From Them ;- But The Monthly And Yearly Accounts Of The Board • Of Trade Now Furnish Very Complete Information On These ...
In D Ia Rubber
In D Ia Rubber Manufactures. A Description Of This Singular Substance, And Of The Mode In Which It Is Obtained In The East, Will Be Found Under Caoutchouc. 'when The Gum Became Known In England, Its Elasti City And Its Imperviousness To Water Pointed It Out As A Valuable Material ...
Inclosures
Inclosures. The Amount Of Common Land (land In A State Of Nature Or Waste) In England Is Not Known, But It Is Conjectured That It May Be About 8,000,000 Of Acres ; The Total Area Of England And Wales Being Sup Posed To Be About 37,000,000 Acres. There Is Another ...
Indre
Indre. This Department Of France Pro Duces Corn In Quantity More Than Enough For The Consumption ; Buck-wheat, Hemp, Flax, Chestnuts, And Fruits Are Also Grown. The Annual Produce Of Wine Is Six To Seven Mil Lion Gallons, About One-half Of Which Is Ex Ported. Sheep Are A Source' Of ...
Infusions
Infusions Are Solutions Of Some Of The Principles Of Vegetables, Generally In Water, But Occasionally In Other Vehicles. When Water Is Employed It May Either Be Hot Or Cold. It Is Customary To Use Warm Water, But In Many Instances Cold Is Preferable. Sometimes Alcohol Is Added, After Straining, To ...
Intaglio
Inta`glio. This Name Is Given To Small Works Of The Gem Class, In Which The Design Is Indented Or Engraved, To Distinguish Them From Those In Which The Subject Or Device Is Raised, Called Cameos. The Greeks Carried This Branch Of The Fine Arts To The Same Perfection Which Their ...
Invernesshire
Invernesshire. By Far The Greater Part Of The Surface Of This Scotch County Is Covered With Heath ; But A Good Deal Of The Heathy Ground Is Arable, And A Considerable Extent Of It Has Been Brought Into Cultivation During The Present Century. Limestone Is Found In Several Districts, And ...
Iodine
Iodine. This Remarkable Non-metallic Elementary Body Was Discovered By M. Cour Tois In 1812. Iodine Exists In The Water Of The Ocean And Mineral Springs, And In Marine Molluscous Animals And Sea-weeds ; But It Is Principally Obtained From Kelp, Or Sea-weed Which Has Been Burnt For The Purpose Of ...
Ionian Islands
Ionian Islands. This Name Is Given To The Islands Of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa-maura, Theaki, Paxo, Cerigo, And Some Small Islets, All Situated In The Jordan Sea, Off The West Coast Of Albania And The Coast Of Greece. Oil, Wine, Corn, Cotton, The Small Species Of Grape Called Currants, And ...
Ireland
Ireland. This Beautiful And Naturally Rich Portion Of Our Empire Contains Six Coal Districts: The Leinster, Or Castlecomer District; The Slieve Arda, Or Tipperary District ; The Munster District; The Lough Allen District, Round The Source Of The Shannon ; And The Monaghan And Tyrone Districts ; There Is Also ...
Iron Manufacture
Iron Manufacture. The Art Of Smelting Iron Was Practised In This Country During The Time Of The Roman Occupation, And In Many Ancient Beds Of Cinders, The Refuse Of Iron-works, Roman Coins Have Been Found. The Principal Ancient Seats Of The Iron Manu Facture In This Country Appear To Have ...
Iron And Its Ores
Iron And Its Ores. Of All The Metals Iron Is The Most Widely Diffused, The Most Abundant, And The Most Useful. It Is Found Not Only Intermixed With Soils, And Contained In Rocks And Minerals, But It Is Even Met With In Some Animal And Vegetable Bodies, And Also In ...
Irrigation
Irrigation. In China And In India, As Well As In Egypt, Ingenious Modes Of Watering Lands Have Been Adopted From The Most Re Mote Ages. No Expense Has Been Thought Too Great To Secure A Supply Of Water, And To Dis Tribute It In The Most Advantageous Manner. The Whole ...
Isere
Isere. This French Department Has A More Than Usually Varied Produce, Including Wheat, Rye, Barley, Maize, Huckwheat, Peas And Beans, Potatoes, Fruit Of All Kind, Walnuts, Mulberries, Almonds, Medicinal Plants, Hemp, &c. Vines Are Mostly Grown In The Fertile Valleys, Trained Either To Greenwood Supports Of Maple Or Cherry-tree, Or ...
Jacquard Loom
Jacquard Loom. The Jacquard Loom, Or More Correctly Jacquard Appendage To The Loom, Is The Most Beautiful Of All Contrivances Connected With Weaving. We Will Say A Few Words Of The Inventor And Of The Machine. Joseph Mario Jacquard Was Born At Lyon In 1752, Of Humble Parents, Both Of ...
Jamaica
Jamaica. The Staple Produce Of This The Most Important Of Our West India Islands, Are Sugar, Rum, And Molasses, Which Form By Far The Most Important Articles Of Export. The Sugar Plantations Are Very Numerous And Ex Tensive, Especially In The Lower And Warmer Tracts Of The Island. On The ...
James Brindley
Brindley, James, Shared With The Duke Of Bridgewater In The Honour Of Intro Ducing Canal Navigation Into This Country. He Was Born In 1716, And Was Apprenticed In His 17th Year To A Millwright Near Macclesfield. When The Period Of His Apprenticeship Had Expired, Brindley Engaged In Business On His ...
James Watt
Watt, James. Of All The Great Men Whose Names Are Indissolubly Connected With The History Of The Steam-engine, James Watt Undoubtedly Takes The Lead. Watt Was Born At Greenock In 1730; And In His 16th Year He Was Apprenticed To An Instrument Maker • In Glasgow. At The End Of ...
Japanning
Japanning Is The Art Of Producing A Highly -varnished Surface On Wood, Metal, Or Other Hard Substance, Sometimes Of One Colour Only, But More Commonly Figured And Ornamented. The Process Has Received Its Name From That Of The Island Of Japan, Whence Articles So Varnished Were First Brought To Europe ...
Java
Java. This Large And Important Island, In The Eastern Archipelago, Yields Abundantly The Yarn, The Sweet Potato, The Java Potato, Arrow Root, The Common Potato, Artichokes, Cab Bages, And Peas. The Javanese Also Cultivate Cucumbers, Onions, Capsicums, Cocoa-nuts, Ground-nuts, Areca Palm, Betel, Tobacco, Coffee, Sugar, Pepper, Cardamom, Ginger, Cotton, And ...
Jegina
Jegina, A Small Island In The Gulf Of ./eg,ina, Forming A Part Of The Modern Kingdom Of Greece. It Is Famed For The Temple Of Jupiter Panhellenius, Or The Panhellenium, One Of The Most Celebrated Among Specimens Of Classical Architecture. This Temple Was Of The Greek Doric Style. It Had ...
Jesse Ramsden
Ramsden, Jesse, Will Always Occupy A Distinguished Position In The History Of Mechan • Ism By His Beautiful Optical And Astronomical Instruments. He Was Born In 1735. At The Age Of 20 We Find Him Engaged As A Clerk In A Cloth Warehouse In London, In Which Capacity He Continued ...
John Anderson
Anderson, John, Gratefully Remem Bered In Scotland As The Founder Of The Ander Sonian Institution Of Glasgow, And One Of The Earliest Promoters Of That Popular Instruction In Science Which Has So Greatly Elevatedthe Cha Ratter Of British Artisans, Was Born In The Parish Of Roscneath, Dumbartonshire, In 1726. He ...
John Rennie
Rennie, John, Is A Member Of A Family Well Worthy Of Admiration In All That Respects Mechanical And Engineering Skill. He Was Horn In 1761 In Haddingtonshire. He Ap Pears To Have Very Early Devoted His Attention To The Subjects Of Machinery And Architecture, And He Attended At Edinburgh The ...
John Smeaton
Smeaton, John. Smeaton's Name Will Always Be Held In Respect As Long As Engineer Ing Skill Calls Forth Admiration. He Was Horn Near Leeds In 1724; He Came To London About 1742, And Established Himself As A Mathema Tical Instrument Maker In Great Turnstile, Holborn. In 1751 He Constructed A ...
Joinery
Joinery. This Name Is Given To The Handicraft Of Joining Pieces Of Wood Together, For The Interior Fittings Of Buildings, For Making Articles Of Furniture, And For Numerous Pur Poses Reqniring, Greater Neatness Of Workman Ship Than The Operations Of The Carpenter. As Carpentry And Joinery Are In Many Cases ...
Kaleidoscope
Kaleidoscope. This Beautiful Optical Instrument Was Invented By Dr. (sir David) Brewster, And Made Public In 1817. The Es Sential Parts Of The Instrument Consist Of Two' Plane Mirrors Of Glass, Having Their Hinder Surfaces Blackened In Order To Prevent Any Re Flection Of Light From Thence. Each Mirror Is ...
Kent
Kent. This Fruitful County Is Well Cir Cumstanced In Respect Both To Commerce And Its Productions. It Has A Most Abundant Steam Traffic From Dover, Deal, Ramsgate, Margate, Herne Bay, Sheerness, Gravesend, Greenhithe, Erith, Woolwich, Charlton, And Greenwich, To London ; From Rochester To Sheerness ; From Ramsgate And Dover ...
Kerry
Kerry. Mountain Ridges, Bounding Val Leys Of Greater Or Less Width, Form The Distin . . Pushing Features Over The Greater Part Of This Irish County. The Whole Coast Line, From The Shannon To The Kenmore, Contains Many Good Harbours, Of Which That Of Valentia Might Be Made Of High ...
Kilkenny
Kilkenny. We Here Have Another Irish County, Which, Like Kildare, Is Wholly Inland. The Surface Of Kilkenny Is Mostly Occupied By The Limestone Of The Central Plain, Overlaid In The Billy Districts North Of Kilkenny City By Shale And Sandstone. The Coal Formations Are Nearly Co-extensive With The Hilly Districts. ...
Laboratory
Laboratory. This Name Is Given To The Room In Which Chemical Operations Are Performed. The Requisites For The Proper Ar Rangement Of And The Necessary Instruments For A Laboratory Maybe Seen At Length In Pro Fessor Faraday's ' Chemical Manipulation.' Lac, Is A Resinous Substance, Which In The East Indies ...
Lace Manufacture
Lace Manufacture. This Very Plea Sing Branch Of Industry Exhibits Instructive Features In Respect To The Application Of Ma Chinery To What Was Before Mere Hand-labour. We Must Glance At The Subject In Its Two Aspects Of Pillow-lace And Bobbin-net. Pillow Lace :—real Lace, Such As That Which Often Obtains ...
Lace Manufacture_2
Lace Manufacture.] Chain-wcaving.—we May Apply This Term To A Mode Of Using Threads In Which A Series Of Loops Is Formed By A Continuous Thread, Each Loop Or Link Being So Connected With Others As To Form A Kind Of Chain ; And This Chain-work May Either Be Worked Upon ...
Lancas1iire
Lancas1iire. To The Coal-field Of South Lancashire This County Owes Its Manufacturing Pre-eminence. It Occupies A Large Irregular Tract Between The Ribble And The Mersey. The Pits In The Northern Coal Field Are Chiefly In The Neighbourhood Of Hornby. The Principal Mineral Production Of Lancashire Is Coal. Lead And Iron ...
Landes
Landes. This Department Of France Calls For A Little Notice Here On Account Of The Extraordinary Mode In Which Some Of The Inhabitants Are Obliged To Pursue Their Indus Trial Avocations. Much Of The Department Consists Of A Loose Ashen-gray Sandy Soil. Numerous Flocks Of Wretched Half-starved Sheep Wander Over ...
Lead
Lead. This Very Useful Metal Has A Blueish Gray Colour, And Considerable Brilliancy When Fresh Surfaces Are Formed By Cutting. If It Has Not Been Cooled Too Rapidly, It Is So Soft That, Even When In Pieces Of Considerable Thickness, It May Be Easily Bent. It Soils Slightly, And Leaves ...
Lead Manufacture
Lead Manufacture. Lead Was Known To And Used By The Greeks And Romans For Various Purposes. Among Others It Was Employed For Pipes To Convey Water, Just As It Is Now. The Lead-mines Of This Island Were Worked By The Romans. The Chief Of Them Are In Cornwall, Devonshire, Somersetshire, ...
Leather Manufacture
Leather Manufacture. This Re Markable Substance, Which Is Universally Em Ployed Throughout The Civilised World, Is Prepared From The Skins Of Animals, Or, It Would Perhaps Be More Correct To Say, Consists Of That Substance After It Has Been Chemically Changed By The Process Of Tanning. This Change Is Effected ...
Leghorn
Leghorn. This Enterprising Free Port In Tuscany Is, In The Western District, Inter Sected With Canals, By Which Goods Are Carried In Boats From The Shipping In The Harbour And Landed Before The Warehouses Of The Merchants. Many Of The Private Houses Are Handsome. The Outer Mole Is About A ...
Leicestershire
Leicestershire. This County Has Coal-fields Near Ashby, Which Furnish A Cheap Supply Of Fuel ; And There Are Also Procured Within The County Coarse Gypsum, Lime Stone, Freestone, And Brick-clay. The County Is Supplied With Canals And Railways, In Amount Quite Adequate To Its Traffic. In Respect To Agriculture, The ...
Leipzig
Leipzig. This Busy City, The Second In Rank But The First In Commerce In Saxony, Has Extensive Manufactures In Oil, Paper, Musical And Optical Instruments, Bronzed Articles, Hats, Leather, Hardware, &c. The Town Has A Tri Bunal Of Commerce, An Exchange, Savings' Bank, A Discount Bank, And Several Assurance Companies. ...
Lemons Oranges
Oranges, Lemons, Citrons. There Are Several Beautiful Fruits Belonging To The Genus Citrus. Among These Are The Sweet Orange, The Bitter Orange, The Lime, The, Sh'addock, The Lemon, And The Citron,' And These Again Are Divided Into Many Varieties. Of The Sweet Orange There' Are The China; The Peeir-shaped, The ...
Levelling
Levelling. The Relative Heights Of A Series Of Points On The Ground Are Obtained By Means Of Their Vertical Distances From Others Which, On The Supposition Of The Earth Being A Sphere, Are Equally Distant From Its Centre ; And These, Which Are Called Level-points, Must Be Found By An ...
Lever
Lever. This Simple But Invaluable Me-. Chanical Instrument Consists Merely Of A Bar Of Wood Or Metal, By Fixing One Point Of Which Called The Fulcrum, A Pressure At The End More Distant From The Fulcrum Is Made To Counter Balance A Larger Pressure At The Nearer End ; Or, ...
Liege
Liege. This Very Important Belgian Pro Vince Produces Hops, Corn, And A Little Wine ; The Pastures Are Good, And Maintain Great Numbers Of Horned Cattle And Sheep. The Mineral Wealth Of The Country Is Considerable ; There Are Mines Of Calamine, Alum, Lead, And Iron Ore ; But More ...
Life Boat Life Preserver
Life-boat; Life-preserver. Many Ingenious Plans, More Or Less Practicable, Have Been Proposed For Saving From Drowning Those Who May Be In Peril By Shipwreck Or Other Wise. These Contrivances May Be Classed As Life Boats, Life Buoys, And Life Dresses. Life Boats.—a Life Boat Is A Boat Constructed With Great ...
Lighthouses
Lighthouses. These Important Build Ings Are Erected Along The Sea-shore, Or Upon Rocks, From Which Lights Are Exhibited At Night For The Direction Of Mariners. Floating Lights Perform A Similar Office, Being Shown From The Masts Of Vessels Moored In Certain Positions, Generally As Beacons To Enable Ships To Avoid ...
Limerick
Limerick. This Irish County Has Tracts Of Great Fertility; Especially One Called The Golden Vein, Which Occupies The Greater Part Of The Eastern Plain Of Limerick. The Soil Is A Rich, Mellow, Crumbling Loam, And Is Equally Suited To Grazing Or Tillage : It Is Chiefly In Pasture. A Still ...
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire. This County Is Famous For Its Fens. A General Account Of The Great Fen District Of England, And Of The Changes Which It Has Undergone, Is Given Elsewhere. [bedford Level.] The Artificial Cuts Or Drains Are Very Numerous; They Are Called By The Several Names Of ' Cuts," Drains," ...
Lithography
Lithography. In Printing From An Engraving On A Copper Or Steel Plate, The Ink Is Delivered From The Incisions Made Therein With The Graver Or Etching Needle. An Engra Ving On Wood Gives Its Results From The Pro Jecting Surface Of The Block, Or Those Parts Which Are Not Cut ...
Liverpool
Liverpool. The Advance Of This Most Important Commercial Town Has Had Few Parallels In The World's History. In 1650 It Is Said There Were Only 15 Ships Belonging To The Port. Towards The Middle Of The Next Cen Tury Three Docks Were Constructed For The Convenience Of The Shipping Employ ...
Locks And Keys
Locks And Keys. Great Ingenuity Is Shewn In The Numerous Modes Of Shooting Or Working The Bolt, In Locks. In Some Locks The Bolt Is Projected By The Action Of A Spring ; In Others There Are Two Or More Bolts, One Of Which Only Is Under The Control Of ...
Log And Logline
Log And Log'line. This Is The Appa Ratus By Which The Velocity Of A 'ship's Motion Through The Water Is Measured. The Log Is A Fiat Piece Of Wood, Loaded With Lead At One Of Its Edges To Make It Float Upright ; And To This Is Attached A Line ...
Loire
Loire. This Important River, Whose Length Is Between 500 And 600 Miles, Consti Tutes The Outlet For The Produce Of Central And Western France. The Loire Is Connected With The Sa6ne By The Canal Du Centre, With The Seine By The Canals De Briare, D'orleans, And Du Doing, And With ...
Lombardy
Lombardy. The Administration Of The Austrian Government In Lombardy Has Paid Peculiar Attention To The Material Improve Ments Of Roads, Bridges, Canals, Dykes, And Other Public Works. Among The Most Useful Enterprises Have Been, Constructing Or Repair Ing The Dykes In The Province Of Mantua ; Completing The Groat Canal ...
London
London. To Present A Few Industrial Sta Tistics Of This, The Greatest Commercial City In The World, Is Of Course All That Can Be Attempted In A Work Like The Present. In The City Of London There Are 89 Compa Nies Or Guilds Connected With Trades Or Em Ployments, Eight ...
Londonderry
Londonderry. In This County Rail Ways Are In Progress From Londonderry To En Niskillen, And From Londonderry To Coleraine. A Remarkable Feature Of The Last-named Scheme Is, That The Railway Is To Cross Loch Foyle On An Embankment 10 Miles Long, As A Means Of Inclosing And Reclaiming 18,000 Acres ...
Luceiinal Microscope
Luceiinal Microscope, Is An Opti Cal Instrument Invented By Mr. Adams. It Consists Of A Hollow Pyramidal Box, At The Smaller Extremity Of Which Is A Tube Carrying The Usual System Of Lenses For Magnifying Objects. At The Larger Cud, Which Is Towards The Observer, There Are Two Lenses In ...
Lyon Or Lyons
Lyon Or Lyons. This Most Important French Town Is Very Advantageously Situated On The Line Of Railway From Paris To Marseille, Now In Course Of Construction, And On Two Navigable Rivers The Rhone And The Saone, In The Fork Between Which The Greater Part Of The Town Is Built. Lyon ...