Expert
Expert, Strictly, Skilled, Or One Who Has Special Knowl Edge; As Used In Law, An Expert Is A Person, Selected By A Court, Or Adduced By A Party To A Cause, To Give His Opinion On Some Point In Issue With Which He Is Peculiarly Conversant. These Are To Be ...
Explanation
Explanation. What Is Meant By Explaining A Phe Nomenon? There Is No Need To Insist On The Importance Of This Question. It Is Obvious That The Entire Structure Of Science Will Necessarily Depend Upon The Reply Given. The Usual Answer Is That Explanation Consists In Showing That A Phenomenon Obeys ...
Explosives
Explosives Are Substances Capable Of Developing A Sud Den Pressure On Their Surroundings, This Development Of Pressure Being Caused By The Rapid Conversion Of The Explosive Substance Into Gases Having A Much Greater Volume Than The Original Ex Plosive, And To The Further Expansion Of These Gases By The Simul ...
Exponent
Exponent, A Modern Term Used In Algebra To Indicate The Number Of Times The Expression To Which It Refers Is To Be Taken As A Factor. For Example, In The Monomial The Exponent Of X Is 2 And It States How Many Times X Is Taken As A Factor; That ...
Export Credits
Export Credits, A Post-war Scheme Adopted By The British Government To Assist British Export Trade. The Export Credits Scheme Was Initiated By Mr. Lloyd George's Coalition Government In The Autumn Of 1919 As A Means Of Facilitating The Finance Of Export Business And Of Promoting The Restoration Of British Trade. ...
Export Duties
Export Duties. Customs Duties On The Exportation Of Commodities Are Rarely Levied, It Being Usually Held By Govern Ments That Exportation Is To Be Encouraged, Sometimes To The Ex Tent Of Bounties Or Subsidizations. Cases Have Occurred In Which Manufacturers Have Appealed To Their Government To Tax The Exportation Of ...
Exports In Practice
Exports In Practice There Are Two Principals To An Export Transaction, Although Neither Need Have Definite Knowledge Of The Other. One Is The Manufacturer, Producer Or Factor With Goods To Export; The Other Is The Wholesale Distributor In The Importing Country. Between Them Exists The Export Machine Consisting Of Various ...
Exports Statistics
Exports: Statistics. The Following Tables Give An Account Of The Recorded Official Export Statistics Of The Chief Ex Porting Nations. In Comparing Them, It Should Be Remembered That Different Nations Make Their Records In Very Different Ways And This Has Been Made Clear As Far As Possible In The Notes ...
Exports
Exports, A Term Used To Describe Goods Sent Out Of A Coun Try By Its Traders. To The Individual Trader Who Sells Abroad, Ex Ports Result In Individual Profit Which He Receives By The Process Of Exchange. The Individual Act Of Exportation Made For Personal Gain Is, However, Of The ...
Exposition
Exposition, A Word Of Numerous Applications. One Of The Most Common Is The Theological, I.e., The Action Of Expounding, The Explaining Of A Text. In Logic, The Word Is Used To Indicate A `'showing Forth" Of Principles, A "statement" Of The Nature Of Things And Their Disposition. In Its Modern ...
Express
Express, A Word Signifying That Which Is Clearly And Def Initely Set Forth Or Represented, Explicit, And Thus Used Of A Meaning, A Law, A Contract, And The Like, Being Specially Contrasted With "implied." Thus In Law, Malice, For Which There Is Actual Evidence, As Apart From That Which May ...
Expression Of The Emotions
Expression Of The Emotions, The Facial And Other Bodily Changes Which Are The Characteristic Accompaniments Of Emotion (q.v.). According To Darwin (in Expression Of The Emotions) These Expressions Are Survivals Of Actions Which Were Once Useful Under Conditions Which Induce The Emotions. They Are "serviceable Associated Habits." As This Theory ...
Expropriation
Expropriation, The Taking Away Or Depriving Of Prop Erty. The Term Is Particularly Applied To The Compulsory Acquisi Tion Of Private Property By The State Or Other Public Authority. (see Compensation.) ...
Expulsion
Expulsion, The Act Of Removing A Person From The Mem Bership Of A Body Or The Holding Of An Office, Or Of Depriving Him Of The Right Of Attending A Meeting, Etc. In Great Britain The House Of Commons Can By Resolution Expel A Member. Such Resolution Cannot Be Questioned ...
Extemporization
Extemporization, In Music, Is The Art Of Invent Ing The Music Performed And Performing It Simultaneously, In The Same Way As An Orator Speaks Ex Tempore When He Has No Notes To Aid Him And Frames His Remarks Spontaneously As He Proceeds. The Humblest Amateur Who Strings A Few Chords ...
Extended Order
Extended Order, A Formation In Which The Men - Posing A Body Of Troops, And The Various Smaller Component Units, Are Opened Out With Intervals Between Them, So As To Afford A More Difficult Target And Minimize The Effects Of Enemy Rifle Or Shell Fire. The Power Of Modern Weapons ...
Extension
Extension, The Action Of Straining Or Stretching Out (lat. Ex, Out; Tendere, To Stretch) (see Elasticity). It Is Usually Em Ployed Metaphorically (cf. The Phrase An "extension Of Time," A Period Allowed In Excess Of What Has Been Agreed Upon). It Is Used As A Technical Term In Logic To ...
Extenuating Circumstances
Extenuating Circumstances, Circumstances Which Render A Fault Less Blamable ; A Phrase Used To Describe Cases In Which, Though An Offence Has Been Committed, Its Gravity Is Mitigated Or Reduced By Reason Of Facts Attending The Commission Of The Offence. It Is Common Practice For Juries To Add To Their ...
Exterritoriality
Exterritoriality, A Convenient Term Or Metaphor For The Immunities Enjoyed By Certain Persons, Property Or Places From The Jurisdiction Of The State In Which They Are Situate. ...
Extortion
Extortion, In English Law The Term Applied To The Ex Action By Public Officers Of Money Or Money's Worth Due At All, Or In Excess Of What Is Due, Or Before It Is Due. Such Exaction, Unless Made In Good Faith (i.e., In Honest Mistake As To The Sum Properly ...
Extract
Extract, In Pharmacy, The Name Given To Preparations Formed By Evaporating Or Concentrating Solutions Of Active Prin Ciples; Tinctures Are Solutions Which Have Not Been Subjected To Any Evaporation. "liquid Extracts" Are Those Of A Syrupy Con Sistency, And Are Generally Prepared By Treating The Drug With The Solvent And ...
Feast Of Epiphany
Epiphany, Feast Of, The Commemoration Of The Bap Tism, Also Called By The Greek Fathers Of The I 4th Century The Theophany Or Theophanies, And The Day Of Lights, I.e., Of The Illumination Of Jesus Or Of The Light Which Shone In The Jordan. In The Teutonic West It Has ...
Feudal Partition And Christian
Feudal Partition And Christian Unity Feudalism.—the Feudal System (see Feudalism), Which Arose During The 9th Century In The Carolingian Empire, Was Based Upon The Division Of The Country Into Very Large Estates, Held By The Warrior Chiefs, And Upon The Necessity Of Their Maintaining Bands Of Mounted And Armoured Soldiers. ...
Foreign Exchange
Exchange, Foreign. Foreign Exchange, As Its Name Implies, Relates To The Purchase And Sale Of Foreign Moneys. The Subject Includes The Interpretation And Significance Of "rates Of Exchange," The Operation Of The Foreign Exchange Market, And, On The More Theoretical Side, The Reasons Why A Particular Currency Is Bought Or ...
Francisco De Dryander Enzinas
Enzinas, Francisco De (dryander) (c. 152o C• 1553) , Spanish Theologian, Was Born At Burgos And Educated At Louvain. While In Wittenberg He Was Advised By Melanchthon To Translate The New Testament From Greek Into Spanish. This Was Published At Antwerp In Imprisoned In Brussels For Heresy, He Managed To ...
Francisco Espoz Y Mina
Espoz Y Mina, Francisco Spanish Guerrillero Leader And General, Born At Ydozin, Navarre, June 17, 1781. He Enlisted In Doyle's Regiment In I8o8, Passed To The Guerrilla Band Commanded By His Nephew Xavier Mina, Was Made Commander Of The Guerrilleros Of Navarre (april R, 181o), And Commander-in-chief In Upper Aragon ...
Franco German War Bismarck Napoleon
Franco-german War; Bismarck ; Napoleon Iii., Etc.) The Treaty Of London.—russia Took Advantage Of The War To Declare, Oct. 31, 187o, That She No Longer Felt Herself Bound By The Treaty Of 1856 To Observe The Neutrality Of The Black Sea (see Straits Question), England Protesting That No Power Could, ...
Free Trade
Free Trade, 1841-52 Peel.—peel's First Duty Was To Secure A Revenue Equal To The Expenses Of The Government, A Task In Which The Whigs Had Lamentably Failed. His Famous Budget Of 1842, Introduced By The Prime Minister Himself, Established An Income-tax Of Sevenpence In The Pound. Pitt's Income-tax Had Been ...
Friedrich Eulenburg
Eulenburg, Friedrich, Graf Zu Prussian Statesman, Was Born At Konigsberg On June 29, 1815. He Entered The Diplomatic Service In 1852, And, After Holding Various European Appointments, Was Sent On A Mission To The Far East, Where He Concluded Commercial Treaties With Japan (jan. 24, 1861) And With China (sept. ...
From
From 1901 To The Outbreak Of War The Period Opens, However, With Very Little Indication Of A New Stirring Of National Life. The Death Of Queen Victoria (jan. 22, 1901), The End Of That Long Reign, Coincident As It Had Been With The Rise Of A New England In A ...
Gabrielle D Estrees
Estrees, Gabrielle D' (1573-1599), Mistress Of Henry Iv. Of France, Was The Daughter Of Antoine D'estrees, Mar Quis Of Coeuvres, And Francoise Babou De La Bourdaisiere. Henry Iv., Who In Nov. 1 S90 Stayed At The Castle Of Coeuvres, Became Violently Enamoured Of Her. Her Father Married Her To Nicholas ...
Georg Heinrich August Von
Ewald, Georg Heinrich August Von (1803 1875), German Orientalist And Theologian, Was Born On Nov. 16. 1803, At Gottingen, Where His Father Was A Linen-weaver. Educated At The University Of His Native Town, He Was Made Professor Extra Ordinarius In Philosophy And Lecturer In Old Testament Exegesis In 1827, Professor ...
George Essex Evans
Evans, George Essex (1863-1909), Australian Poet, Was Born In London On June 18, 1863. He Was Educated At Haver Ford West Grammar School, And Guernsey, And In 1881 Went To Australia. In 1882 His Poems Began To Appear In The Queenslander Under The Pseudonym Of "christophus," And He Afterwards Con ...
Gladstone And Disraeli
Gladstone And Disraeli, The Second Reform Bill.—lord Russell Became Prime Min Ister On The Death Of Palmerston, But It Was Plain That Gladstone Would Succeed To The Leadership Of The Whig-liberal Party In The Near Future, And That Lord Derby Would Similarly Pass On The Leadership Of The Tory-conservatives To ...
Godefroi Estrades
Estrades, Godefroi, Comte D' (1607-1686), French Diplomatist And Marshal, Was Born At Agen. He Was The Son Of Francois D'estrades (d. 1653), A Partisan Of Henry Iv., And Brother Of Jean D'estrades, Bishop Of Condom. In 1646 He Was Named Ambassador Extraordinary To Holland, And Took Part In The Conferences ...
Greek And Graeco Roman Ethics
Greek And Graeco-roman Ethics The Pre-socratic Philosophers.—the Ethical Speculation Of Greece, And Theref Ore Of Europe, Had No Abrupt And Absolute Beginning. The Naïve And Fragmentary Precepts Of Conduct, Which Are Everywhere The Earliest Manifestation Of Nascent Moral Re Flection, Are A Noteworthy Element In The Gnomic Poetry Of The ...
Growth And Development Of
Growth And Development Of Economic Entomology Great Britain.—in Most Civilized Countries There Now Exist Services Under Government Auspices For Dealing With Insect And Other Pests Of Cultivated Plants And Crops. For Many Years Economic Entomology Was Not Officially Recognized In Great Britain And The Subject Was Left To The Good ...
Guillaume D Estouteville
Estouteville, Guillaume D' French Ecclesiastic, Archbishop Of Rouen, Was Sent To France As Legate By Pope Nicholas V. To Make Peace Between Charles Vii. And England (1451), And Undertook, Ex Officio, The Revision Of The Trial Of Joan Of Arc ; He Afterwards Reformed The Statutes Of The University Of ...
Harry Escombe
Escombe, Harry (1838-1899), South African States Man, A Member Of A Somersetshire Family, Was Born At Notting Hill, London, On July 25, 1838, And Educated At St. Paul's School. He Emigrated, In 1859, To The Cape. He Practised As An Attorney In Natal, And In 1872 Was Elected To The ...
Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst
Ernst, Heinrich Wilhelm German Violinist And Composer, Was Born At Briinn, Moravia, On May 6, 1814, And Was Educated At The Conservatorium Of Vienna, Study Ing The Violin Under Joseph Bohm And Joseph Mayseder, And Com Position Under Ignaz Von Seyfried. In 1832 He Went To Paris, Where He Formed ...
Henri Esquiros
Esquiros, Henri Francois Alphonse 1876), French Writer, Born In Paris On May 23, 1812, Was Fined And Imprisoned For His L'evangile Du Peuple (1840) . He Was Elected In 1850 As A Social Democrat To The Legislative Assembly, But Was Exiled In 1851 For His Opposition To The Empire. Returning ...
Henri Estienne
Henri Estienne (1s31-1598), Sometimes Called Henri Ii., Was The Eldest Son Of Robert. In The Preface To His Edition Of Aulus Gellius (1585), Addressed To His Son Paul, He Gives An Interesting Account Of His Father's Household, In Which Latin Was Used As A Common Language. At Fifteen He Became ...
Henry Erskine
Erskine, Henry (1746-1817), Lord Advocate Of Scot Land, The Second Son Of The Loth Earl Of Buchan, And Brother Of The Lord Chancellor Erskine, Was Born In Edinburgh On Nov. 1, 1746. He Was Educated At The Universities Of St. Andrews, Glas Gow And Edinburgh, And Was Admitted A Member ...
History Of Ethics
Ethics, History Of. The Following Historical Sketch Traces The Main Lines Of Development Of Ethical Theory. Fuller De Tails Will Be Found In Separate Articles Devoted To Special Subjects. The Most Important Thinkers Whose Names Occur In This Historical Outline Have Separate Biographical Articles Devoted To Them. ...
Imperialism
Imperialism, 1895-1901 The Last Phase.—the Climax Of The Victorian Age Was Also The Climax Of The Imperialist Movement; And This Coincidence Was Appropriate, For A Sturdy Optimism Had Been The Keynote Of The Age, And In Imperialism Optimism Attained Its Grandest Dimen Sions. At The Beginning Of The Reign "the ...
Indian Mutiny
Indian Mutiny.) The Orsini Plot And Palmerston's Last Government.—in 1858 An Italian Named Orsini Attempted To Assassinate Napoleon With Bombs Made In Birmingham. The French Government De Spatched A Rude Remonstrance, And When Palmerston Made The Retort Courteous Of A Bill Increasing The Penalties For Conspiracy, The "patriotism" Of Which ...
Injurious Insects
Injurious Insects Injurious Insects Include Members Of Almost All Orders And Comprise Species Which Destroy Cultivated Plants And Forest Trees, Others Which Injure Grain And Stored Products, Manufactured Goods And Raw Materials; There Are Again Species Which Infest Domestic Animals As Well As Those Which Molest Or Harm Man Himself. ...
Invisible Exports
Exports, Invisible. While, Broadly Speaking, It Is True That Imports Must Always Be Paid For By Exports And Vice Versa, This Payment Is Not Always Made In Actual Physical Goods Or Bullion And Specie. Other Factors Play Their Part In The Balance Sheet Of A Country's Financial And Commercial Condition, ...
Islamic Law Islamic Institutions
Islamic Law; Islamic Institutions; Mohammed.) Results Of The Barbarian Invasions.—in The Midst Of The Old Population, No Longer Accustomed To The Practice Of Arms, A New Population Of Barbarian Warriors Settled Down And Preserved, Until The 9th Century, Its Own Family System, Its Customs Of Property And Legal Process. The ...
Itism
Itism.) Military Espionage Or Espionage Proper.—military Espio Nage Differs To Some Extent In The Methods Which It Employs, According To Whether A State Of War Or Of Peace Prevails. In Mod Ern Times It Is, Therefore, Usual To Set Up Two Central Departments To Organize The Collection Of Information And ...
Jacob Epstein
Epstein, Jacob ), Sculptor, Was Born In New York, On Nov. 1o, 188o, The Son Of Russian-polish Parents. He Received His Early Training At The School Of The Art Students League Of New York, And In 1902 He Worked For A Time At The Ecole Des Beaux-arts In Paris. He ...
Jacques Duval D
Jacques Duval D' French Magistrate And Politician, Was Born In India On Dec. 5, 1745 At Pondicherry, His Father Being A Colleague Of Dupleix. He Studied Law In Paris, And Became In 1775 Conseiller In The Parlement Of Paris, Where He Defended The Rights Of The Parlement Against The Royal ...
Janos Erdelyi
Erdelyi, Janos (1814-1868), Hungarian Poet And Author, Was Born On April 1, 1814 At Kapos. His Fame Was Made By His Collection Of Hungarian National Poems And Folk-tales, Magyar Nepkoltesi Gyiijtemeny, Nepdalok Es Monddk (budapest, 1846-47). This Work. Published By The Kisfaludy Society, Was Supplemented By A Dissertation Upon Hungarian ...
Jean Etienne Dominique Esquirol
Esquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique (1772— 1840), French Alienist, Was Born At Toulouse On Feb. 3, 1772. In 1794 He Became A Pupil At The Military Hospital Of Narbonne, And Subsequently Studied In Paris At The Salpetriere Under P. Pinel, Whose Assistant He Became. In 1811 He Was Chosen Physician To ...
Johann August Ernesti
Ernesti, Johann August (1707-i 781), German Theologian And Philologist, Was Born Aug. 4, 1707, At Tennstadt In Thuringia. He Was Educated At The Celebrated Saxon Cloister School Of Pforta, And At The Universities Of Wittenberg And Leip Zig. After Minor Appointments, He Was Named Professor Extraor Dinarius Of Ancient Literature ...
Johann Eduard Erdmann
Erdmann, Johann Eduard Ger Man Philosophical Writer, Was Born At Wolmar, Livonia, On June 13, 18o5. He Studied Theology At Dorpat And Afterwards At Ber Lin, Where He Fell Under The Influence Of Hegel. From 1829 To 1832 He Was A Pastor In Wolmar. He Qualified In Philosophy At Berlin ...
Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz
Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich Russian Traveller And Naturalist, Was Born In Nov. 1793, In Dorpat, Where He Died In May 1831. He Was Naturalist And Physician To Otto Von Kotzebue's Exploring Expedition During 1815-18, And Then Became Professor Of Anatomy (1819) And Director Of The Zoological Museum In Dorpat. He Published ...
Johann Heinrich Van Ess
Ess, Johann Heinrich Van German Catholic Theologian, Was Born At Warburg, Westphalia, On Feb. 15, 1772. He Became A Benedictine, And Served As A Priest At Schwalenberg From 1799 To 1812, After Which, Until 1822, He Was Professor Of Theology And Joint-director Of The Teachers' Seminary At Marburg. He Died ...
Johann Joachim Eschenburg
Eschenburg, Johann Joachim German Critic And Literary Historian, Was Born At Hamburg On Dec. 7, 1743. He Studied At Leipzig And Gottingen, And Became Professor And Then Director At The Collegium Carolinum In Bruns Wick. He Published A Series Of German Translations Of The Princi Pal English Writers On Aesthetics, ...
Johann Samuel Ersch
Ersch, Johann Samuel (1766-1828), The Founder Of German Bibliography, Was Born At Grossglogau, In Silesia, On June 23, 1766, And Studied At Halle. He Was The Author Of Many Important Bibliographical Works And, With Johann Gottfried Gruber (q.v.), Of The Allgemeine Encyklo Padie Der Wissenscha F Ten And Kunste (leipzig, ...
Johannes Ewald
Ewald, Johannes (1743-1781), The Greatest Lyric Poet Of Denmark, Was Born At Copenhagen On Nov. 18, 1743, The Son Of A Chaplain. He Studied At Schleswig And Copenhagen. At 15 He Fell In Love With Arense Hulegaard, And In Order To Distinguish Himself Enlisted In The Prussian Army. After A ...
Johannes Friedrich August Von
Esmarch, Johannes Friedrich August Von (1823-1908), German Surgeon, Was Born At Tanning, In Schleswig-holstein, On Jan. 9, 1823, And Died At Kiel On Feb. 23, 1908. He Studied At Kiel And Gottingen, And In 1846 Became B. R. K. Von Langenbeck's Assistant At The Kiel Surgical Hospital And In 1857 ...
Johannes Scotus Erigena
Erigena, Johannes Scotus (c. 877), Medi Aeval Philosopher And Theologian, Was Known To His Contemporaries As Johannes Scotus (scottus) Or John The Scot, But In His Versions Of Dionysius The Areopagite He Styles Himself Johannes Ierugena. Eleventh Century Manuscripts Have Johannes Lerugina, Erugena And Eriugena, Formed Apparently On The Analogy ...
John Ericsson
Ericsson, John (1803-1889), Swedish-american Naval Engineer, Was Born At Langbanshyttan, Wermland, Sweden, On July 31, 1803. Showing From His Earliest Years A Strong Mechanical Bent, Young Ericsson, At The Age Of 12, Was Employed As A Draughtsman By The Swedish Canal Company. From 182o To 1827 He Served In The ...
John Erskine
Erskine, John, Of Dun (15o9-1591), Scottish Reformer, The Son Of Sir John Erskine, Laird Of Dun, Was Born In 15o9, And Was Educated At King's College, Aberdeen. At The Age Of Twenty One Erskine Was The Cause—probably By Accident—of A Priest's Death, And Was Forced To Go Abroad, Where He ...
John Erskine_2
Erskine, John, Of Carnock Scottish Jurist, Son Of Lieut.-colonel John Erskine, Was In 173 7 Appointed Profes Sor Of Scots Law In The University Of Edinburgh. In 1754 He Pub Lished His Principles Of The Law Of Scotland. He Retired From His Chair In 1765, And The Rest Of His ...
John Evelyn
Evelyn, John (162o-17o6), English Diarist, Was Born At Wotton House, Near Dorking, Surrey, The Younger Son Of Richard Evelyn, A Large Landowner. When John Evelyn Was Five Years Old He Went To Live With His Mother's Parents At Cliffe, Near Lewes. He Refused To Leave His "too Indulgent" Grandmother For ...
Joseph Antoine Bruni D Entrecasteaux
Entrecasteaux, Joseph-antoine Bruni D' , French Navigator, Was Born At Aix, And Entered The Navy At The Age Of Fifteen. In The War Of 1778 He Commanded A 32-gun Frigate, And Successfully Convoyed A Fleet Of Merchant Vessels From Marseille To The Levant, Though They Were Attacked By Two Pirate ...
Joseph Ennemoser
Ennemoser, Joseph (1787-1854), Austrian Medico Philosophic Writer, Was Born On Nov. 15, 1787, At Hintersee In Tirol. After Fighting Against The French In 1809 And Again In 1813-14, He Took His M.d. At Berlin In 1816, And Three Years Later Was Appointed Professor Of Medicine At The New University Of ...
Joss De Espronceda
Espronceda, Joss De (1808-1842), Spanish Poet, Was Born At Or Near Almendralejo De Los Barros. In His 14th Year He Joined A Secret Society And, Sentenced To Five Years' Seclusion In The Franciscan Convent At Guadalajara, Began An Epic Poem Entitled El Pelayo. He Escaped To Portugal And Thence To ...
Jozsef Eotvos
Eotvos, Jozsef, Baron (urt'vursh), Hungarian Writer And Statesman (1813-1371), Was Born At Buda On Sept. 13, 1813. He Spent Many Years In Western Europe, Where He Became Acquainted With Western Liberal Ideas And With The Leaders Of The Romantic Movement. In The Diet Of 1839-40 He Advocated Jew Ish Emancipation, ...
Juan De Escovedo
Escovedo, Juan De (d. 1578), Spanish Politician, Sec Retary Of Don John Of Austria, Began Life In The Household Of Ruy Gomez De Silva, Prince Of Eboli. When Don John Of Aus Tria, After The Battle Of Lepanto In 1571, Began To Launch On A Policy Of Self-seeking Adventure, Escovedo ...
Juan Escoiquiz
Escoiquiz, Juan ( I Spanish Ecclesiastic, Politician And Writer, Was Horn In Navarre In 1762. He Entered The Church, Was A Prebendary Of Saragossa, And Acted As Tutor To Prince Ferdinand (ferdinand Vii.). He Was A Busy And Push Ing Member Of The Literary Clique Which Looked Up To Godoy ...
Juliana Horatia Orr Ewing
Ewing, Juliana Horatia Orr English Writer Of Books For Children, Daughter Of The Rev. Alfred Gatty And Of Margaret Gatty (q.v.), Was Born At Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, In 1841. One Of A Large Family, She Was Accustomed To Act As Nursery Story-teller To Her Brothers And Sisters, And Her Brother Alfred ...
Kingdom Of Essex
Essex, Kingdom Of, An Early English Kingdom, Of Whose Origin And Early History We Have No Record Except The State Ment Of Bede That Its Settlers Were Of The Old Saxon Race. In Con Nection With This It Is Interesting To Notice That The East Saxon Dynasty Claimed Descent From ...
La Estrada
Estrada, La, A Town Of North-western Spain, Province Of Pontevedra, 7 M. E. Of Requeijo, Its Nearest Station, On The Ponte Vedra-santiago Railway. Pop. (193o) 26,623. La Estrada Is The Chief Town Of A Populous Mountain District, Producing Maize, Wheat, Barley, Potatoes, Fruit, Cattle And Pigs. Leather And Linen Paper ...
Lake Erie
Erie, Lake Is The Fourth Largest Of The Great Lakes Of North America. Bordering On It Are The States Of Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania And New York, And The Province Of Ontario, Canada. Its Dimensions, Surface Elevations, Etc., Are As Follows : Length 24om. ; Width, 57m.; Maximum Depth, 21 Of ...
Laurence Eusden
Eusden, Laurence (1688-173o), English Poet, Son Of The Rev. Laurence Eusden, Rector Of Spofforth, Yorkshire, Was Baptized On Sept. 6, 1688. He Was Educated At St. Peter's, York, And At Trinity College, Cambridge, Of Which He Became A Fellow. He Was Made Poet Laureate In 1718, And Became Rector Of ...
Leonhard Euler
Euler, Leonhard (170 7–i 783) , Swiss Mathematician, Was Born At Basel On Apr. 15, 1707. His Father, A Good Mathema Tician, Was A Lutheran Pastor. In 1723 He Graduated At Basel, Where He Studied Geometry Under Jean Bernoulli, At That Time One Of The First Mathematicians In Europe, And ...
Les Espagnols Sur Mer
Espagnols Sur Mer, Les, The Name Given To The Naval Victory Of King Edward Iii. Of England On Aug. 29, 135o, Over A Spanish Fleet Commanded By Don Carlos De La Cerda, A Castilian Freebooter, Who Had Recently Captured Several English Ships And Murdered Their Crews. The English Fleet Assembled ...
Liquefied Gases
Liquefied Gases Liquid Oxygen Explosives Consist Of Mixtures Of Liquid Oxygen With Combustible Substances. The Combustible Substances (lamp-black, Wood Pulp, Cork Dust, Hydrocarbons Absorbed In Inert Materials, Or Even Pulverized Metals) Are Packed In Absorb Ent Paper Or Cloth Cartridges, And Immediately Before Use The Cartridges Are Soaked In Liquid ...
Louise Florence Petronille Tardieu
Epinay, Louise Florence Petronille Tardieu D'esclavelles D' French Writer, Was Born At Valenciennes On March 11, 1726. She Is Well Known On Account Of Her Liaisons With Rousseau And Baron Von Grimm, And Her Acquaintance With Diderot, D'alembert, D'hol Bach And Other French Men Of Letters. Her Marriage With Her ...
Magnus Felix Ad Ennodius
Ennodius, Magnus Felix (a.d. Of Pavia, Latin Rhetorician And Poet. He Was Born At Arelate (arles) And Brought Up At Ticinum (pavia) Or Possibly Medio Lanum (milan). When The Lady To Whom He Was Betrothed Went Into A Convent Ennodius Entered The Church, And Was Ordained Deacon (about 493) . ...
Making And Breaking Of
Making And Breaking Of The "old Empire" Glance For A Moment At The Effect Of These Historical Influences Upon Emigration Across The North Atlantic. Every Defeat Or Oppression Of Any Religious Cause In Western Europe Brought Further Reinforcements To The Colonies. The Puritans Were Fol Lowed By Royalists, Catholics, Quakers; ...
Marquess
Marquess.) The Torelli, Each Party Being Driven Out Again And Again. Azzo (also Called Azzolino) Died In 1212 And Was Succeeded By Aldo Brandino I., Who In 1213 Concluded A Treaty With Salinguerra Torelli, The Head Of That House, To Divide The Government Of The City Between Them. On His ...
Matthias Erzberger
Erzberger, Matthias ), Was Born On Sept. 20, 1875, In Buttenhausen, In The Swabian Alps. Having Entered The Teaching Profession, Be Soon Became Interested In Poli Tics. He Joined The Staff Of The Stuttgart Catholic Paper Deutsches Volksblatt And Was Elected Member Of The Reichstag At The Age Of 28. ...
Mediaeval Ethics
Mediaeval Ethics Christianity.—in The Present Article We Are Not Concerned With The Origin Of The Christian Religion, Nor With Its Outward History. Nor Have We To Consider The Special Doctrines That Have Formed The Bond Of Union Of The Christian Communities Except In Their Ethical Aspect, Their Bearing On The ...
Medical Entomology
Medical Entomology Although Medical Entomology Includes In Its Scope Venomous And Parasitic Arthropoda That Inflict Minor Hurts Upon The Indi Vidual Human Body, Its Main Concern Is With Arthropoda Which, Either As The Necessary Intermediary Hosts Or As The Fortuitous Mechanical Disseminators Of Other Pathogenetic Organisms, Stand In The Main ...
Merging Of Old And
Merging Of Old And Middle English It Is Not To Be Supposed That English Underwent No Change In Phonology And Accidence During The O.e. Period. On The Con Trary, Many Of The Features Which Are Characteristic Of M.e. Were, Gradually But Surely, Coming Into Being During The Centuries Be Fore ...
Methods Of Examination
Methods Of Examination Examinations On Traditional Lines Are Usually Carried Out In The Case Of The Most Advanced Work By A Thesis Only; In The Other Grades By Means Of (i) Written Papers; (2) Oral Tests; (3) Prac Tical Tests; (4) A Combination Of Two Or More Of These. ...
Modern Ethics
Modern Ethics Hugo Grotius.—the Need Of Such Independent Principles Was Most Strongly Felt In The Region Of Man's Civil And Political Rela Tions, Especially The Mutual Relations Of Communities. Accordingly We Rind That Modern Ethical Controversy Began In A Discussion Of The Law Of Nature. Albericus Gentilis (1557-1611) And Hugo ...
Mount Everest
Everest, Mount, The Highest Mountain In The World. It Is A Peak Of The Himalayas Situated In Nepal Almost Precisely On The Intersection Of The Meridian 87 E. Long. With The Parallel 28 N. Lat. Its Elevation As At Present Determined By Trigono Metrical Observation Is Approximately 29,140 Ft. The ...
National Trade Associations And
National Trade Associations And Congresses.) It Is Unfortunate That The Initiative For Fairs And Exhibitions Is Often Undertaken By Individuals Or Bodies Having Little Or No Connection With The Industries Which Such Exhibitions Are Supposed To Serve. In Some Instances The Object Is That Of Gain, Whether Di Rect Or ...
Nature And The Philosophers
Nature And The Philosophers But Besides The Evolution Of Morals, There Arises The Question Of The Ethics Of Evolution. If Man Is The Present Climax Of A Long Process Of Organic Evolution, It Is Natural To Ask Whether There Is In The Evolving System Of Animate Nature Any Guidance For ...
Old English Inflexions
Old English Inflexions The Inflexions Of Old English Are Of The Typical Germanic And West Germanic Character. Grammatical Gender Is Preserved And The Definite Article, An Old Demonstrative, Is Fully Inflected In Singular And Plural Of All Three Genders. In Addition To The Case Distinctions Exhibited Also By Nouns, The ...
Oliver Evans
Evans, Oliver (1755-1819), American Mechanician, Was Born At Newport (del.), In 1755. He Was Apprenticed To A Wheelwright, And At The Age Of 22 He Invented A Machine For Mak Ing The Card-teeth Used In Carding Wool And Cotton. In 178o He Became A Partner With His Brothers, Who Were ...
Organic Evolution
Evolution, Organic. At A Time When The Contro Versy Over Evolution, After Dying Down Almost To Nothing, Has Suddenly Flared Up Again In Certain Backward Regions And Back Ward Circles, It May Be As Well To State The Main Problems Briefly And Concisely Before Embarking On A Detailed Discussion. The ...
Origins Of The World
Origins Of The World War The Serajevo Crime.—peace Was Broken By An Event That Occurred In The Balkan Territory Of Austria—the Murder Of The Heir To The Austrian Throne, The Archduke Francis Ferdinand, At Serajevo, The Capital Of Bosnia. The Murderers Were Bosnian Slays, And Subjects Of Austria; The Weapons ...
Other Factors In Evolution
Other Factors In Evolution Addition To The Three Main Factors Of Evolution So Far Dealt With, Variation, Heredity And Competition, There Are, As Darwin Pointed Out, Subsidiary Or Auxiliary Aids To Natural Selection. Of These Isolation Is Perhaps The Most Important. As Explained Above, Species Are, Generally Speaking, Not Composed ...
Otto Linne Erdmann
Erdmann, Otto Linne (1804-1869), German Chem Ist, Son Of Karl Gottfried Erdmann (1774-1835), The Physician Who Introduced Vaccination Into Saxony, Was Born At Dresden On April Ii, 1804. He Studied At The University Of Leipzig Where In 1827 He Became Extraordinary Professor, And In 1830 Ordinary Professor Of Chemistry. This ...