French Congo
French Congo, The Official Name Of The French Posses Sions In Equatorial Africa From 1888 To 191o. In The Last-named Year These Possessions Were Renamed L'a F Rique Equatoriale F Ran Caise, Abbreviated To A.e.f. (see French Equatorial Africa.) ...
French Equatorial Africa
French Equatorial Africa, The Common Name For The Gabun, Middle Congo, Ubangi-shari And Chad Colonies. The Combined Area Of These Colonies Is Approximately 912,049 Sq.m. ; The Population (official Estimates, , Natives And 4,661 Europeans, Of Whom The Majority Were French. Stretching Across Two-thirds Of The Width Of Africa These ...
French Guinea
French Guinea, A French Colony In West Africa. It Is Bounded West By The Atlantic, North By Portuguese Guinea And Senegal, East By The French Sudan And The Ivory Coast, And South By Liberia And Sierra Leone. With A Sea-board Running N.n.w. And S.s.e. From So' N. To 9° 2' ...
French Language
French Language. Af Ter The Period During Which Vulgar Latin, As Spoken In Gaul, Was Acquiring A Specific Char Acter (see Romance Languages), The History Of French Is Divis Ible Into Three Periods: (i) Old French (9th To 14th Century), (2) Middle French (15th And I6th Centuries), (3) Modern French ...
French Law And Institutions
French Law And Institutions. In The Historical Evolution Of French Institutions, Those Of The Celts Of Gaul Are Of Little Importance. None Of Them Are Known To Have Survived In Later Law. It Was Roman Rule Which Really Formed Gaul. The Institutions Of Roman Gaul Became Identical With Those Of ...
French Literature
French Literature. Literature Proper Began To Be Cultivated In France, In The Vernacular, During The Loth And 11th Centuries. The Earliest Writings Are Cantilenae, Or Songs In The Vulgar Language (e.g., On St. Eulalia), A Life Of St. Leger And A Life Of St. Alexis (perhaps About 1050), But The ...
French Polish
French Polish. This Material Is Made By Dissolving Orange Shellac In Alcohol. It Has A Turbid Orange-brown Appear Ance And Dries In About Ten Minutes With A Pale Brownish Colour. The Turbidity Is Due To The Presence Of A Proportion Of Wax In The Shellac, Which Is Insoluble In Alcohol. ...
French Republican Calendar
French Republican Calendar, A Calendar Sub Stituted In France During The Revolution In Place Of The Prevail Ing Gregorian System. Something Of The Sort Had Been Suggested In 1785 By A Certain Riboud, And A Definite Scheme Had Been Promulgated By Pierre Sylvain Marechal (1750-18o3) In His Aknanach Des Honnetes ...
French Revolutionary Wars
French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1800), The General Name For The First Part Of The Series Of French Wars Which Went On Continuously, Except For Some Local And Temporary Cessations Of Hostilities, From The Declaration Of War Against Brit Ain In 1792 To The Final Overthrow Of Bonaparte In 1815. The Most ...
French West Africa
French West Africa. French West Africa Comprises An Area Of About 4,665,000 Sq.km., Or Eight Times That Of France, One-half That Of Europe, And One-sixth Of That Of Africa. It Ex Tends From Senegal To The Gulf Of Guinea, And From The Atlantic To Lake Chad. It Is Bounded On ...
Frentani
Frentani, One Of The Ancient Samnite Tribes Which Formed An Independent Community On The East Coast Of Italy. They En Tered The Roman Alliance After Their Capital, Frentrum, Was Taken By The Romans In 305 Or 304 B.c. (livy Ix. 16.45). This Town Either Changed Its Name Or Perished Some ...
Frequency Changer
Frequency Changer, A Device Which Delivers Alter Nating Current Into An Output Circuit Of A Radio Receiving Set At A Frequency (q.v.), Which Differs From The Frequency Of The Input Or Supply Circuit. ...
Frequency
Frequency Is Used In Science Generally To Denote The Number Of Variations Which Occur In Unit Time. In Medicine (q.v.) The Frequency Of The Pulse. In Light (q.v.) It Denotes The Num Ber Of Cycles Executed By The Electromagnetic Vector Per Second. In Sound (q.v.) The Number Of Variations In ...
Fresco Painting
Fresco Painting. Painting In Fresco Is Here Defined As Painting On Wet Lime Plaster With Pigments Mixed With Water Or Water And Lime. As The Water Evaporates, The Setting Of The Lime Binds The Pigment To The Plaster, And The Subsequent Con Version Of The Lime Into Carbonate Of Lime ...
Fresco
Fresco (ital. For Cool, "fresh"), A Term Introduced Into English, Both Generally (as In Such Phrases As Al Fresco, "in The Fresh Air"), And More Especially As A Technical Term For Mural Painting On Plaster. In The Latter Sense The Italians Distinguished Painting A Secco (when The Plaster Had Been ...
Freshwater
Freshwater, A Watering Place In The Isle Of Wight, Eng Land, I 1 4 M. W. By S. Of Newport By Rail. Pop. 3,439. It Is A Scattered Township Lying On The Peninsula West Of The River Yar At The Western Extremity Of The Island. Freshwater Bay Is Separated From ...
Fresnillo
Fresnillo, A Town Of The State Of Zacatecas, Mexico, 37m. N.w. Of The City Of Zacatecas. Pop. (1930) 25,204. It Stands On A Fertile Plain Between The Santa Cruz And Zacatecas Ranges, About 7,7ooft. Above Sea-level, Has A Temperate Climate, And Is Sur Rounded By An Agricultural District Producing Indian ...
Fresno
Fresno, A City Of California, U.s.a., In The Heart Of The San Joaquin Valley, At The Geographical Centre Of The State ; The County Seat Of Fresno County. It Is On Federal Highway 99 ; Is Served By The Santa Fe And The Southern Pacific Railways; Has A Municipal Airport ...
Fret
Fret, Properly, To Devour, Hence To Gnaw, Used Of The Slow Corroding Action Of Chemicals, Water, Etc., And Thus, Figuratively, To Chafe Or Irritate. Possibly Connected With This Word, In The Sense Of Rubbing, Is The Use Of "fret" For A Bar On The Fingerboard Of A Banjo, Guitar Or ...
Freudenstadt
Freudenstadt, A Town Of Germany, In The Land Of Wurttemberg, On The Right Bank Of The Murg, 4o M. S.w. From Stuttgart By Rail. Pop. 10,575. It Has Some Small Manu Factures Of Cloth, Furniture, Knives, Nails And Glass, And Is A Health Resort. It Was Founded In 1599 By ...
Frey
Frey, Son Of Njord, One Of The Chief Deities In The Northern Pantheon And The National God Of The Swedes. He Is The God Of Fruitfulness, The Giver Of Sunshine And Rain. His Sister Freyia, The Most Prominent Goddess In Northern Mythology, Shares His Char Acteristics. (see Teutonic Peoples, Ad ...
Freyia
Freyia, The Sister Of Frey (q.v.). Freylinghausen, Johann An A S Ta S I U S (167o-1739), German Theologian And Poet, Was Born On Dec. 2, 1670, At Gandersheim, And Studied Theology At Jena, Erfurt And Halle, Where, In 1727, He Succeeded A. H. Francke As Superintend Ent Of The ...
Friar Bird
Friar-bird, The Name Given To Several Australian Birds Of The Honey-eater Family From Their Ruff Of Feathers On The Head, And Sober Plumage. The Best-known Species Is Tropidorhynchus Corniculatus, Also Known As Pimlico And Four O'clock, Imitations Of Its Loud Cry. Friar-birds Are Bold And Noisy, Haunting Trees In Small ...
Friar
Friar, The English Generic Name For Members Of The Mendi Cant Religious Orders (from Lat. Frater Through Fr. F Rere) . For Merly It Was The Title Given To Individual Members Of These Orders, As Friar Laurence (in Romeo And Juliet), But This Is Not Now Common. In England The ...
Friars Balsam
Friars' Balsam. An Ancient And Valuable Medicament Of Which The Essential Constituent Is Benzoic Acid. It Is Used Largely For Inhalation In Cases Of Septic As Well As Inflammatory Conditions Of The Respiratory Tract. See Benzoic Acid. ...
Fribourg
Fribourg (ger. Freiburg), One Of The Swiss Cantons, In The Western Portion Of The Country, Taking Its Name From The Town Around Which The Various Districts That Compose It Gradually Gathered. Its Area Is 644 Sq.m., Of Which 568 Sq.m. Are Classed As "productive." It Is A Hilly Region, The ...
Fribourg_2
Fribourg [ger. Freiburg], The Capital Of The Swiss Canton Of That Name. It Is Built Almost Entirely On The Left Bank Of The Sarine, The Oldest Bit (the Bourg) Being Just Above The River Bank, Flanked By The Neuveville And Auge Quarters, These With The Planche Quarter On The Right ...
Friction
Friction Is The Resistance Offered To The Motion Of One Portion Of Matter Upon Another. It Is Due Partly To The Molecular Attraction Between The Surfaces And Partly To The Nature And Condition Of Those Surfaces. It Is In The Nature Of A Force Which Acts Between The Surfaces In ...
Friday
Friday, The Sixth Day Of The Week, Corresponding To The Roman Dies Veneris, The French Vendredi. The Ill-luck Associated With The Day Arose From Its Connection With The Crucifixion. By The Western And Eastern Churches Fridays, Except When Christ Mas Falls On That Day, Have Ever Been Observed As Days ...
Friedberg
Friedberg, The Name Of Two Towns In Germany. I. A Small Town In Upper Bavaria, With An Old Castle, Known Mainly As The Scene Of Moreau's Victory Over The Austrians In 1796. Pop. 4,692. ...
Friedland
Friedland, The Name Of Seven Towns In Germany. The Most Important Is That In The Extreme East Of Mecklenburg, On The Miihlenteich, 35 M. N.e. Of Strelitt By Rail. Pop. (1933) 8,178. It Possesses A Gothic Church And Has Manufactures Of Iron, Machinery, Starch And Sugar. Friedland Was Founded In ...
Friedland_2
Friedland, A Town Of Prussia, On The Alle, 27 M. S.e. Of Konigsberg, Famous As The Scene Of The Battle Fought Between The French Under Napoleon And The Russians Commanded By General Bennigsen, On June 14, 1807 (see Napoleonic Campaigns). The Russians Had On The 13th Driven The French Cavalry ...
Friedrich Balduin
Friedrich Balduin, Freiherr Von Gagern (1794-1848), The Eldest, Took Service In The Austrian Army, Fought In The Russian Campaign Of 1812, And At Dresden, Kulm And Leipzig. He Then Entered The Dutch Service, Took Part In The Campaigns Of 1815, And, After Studying Another Year At Heidelberg, Was Member For ...
Friedrich Krupp Aktiengesellschaft
Friedrich Krupp Aktiengesellschaft, An Industrial Company Founded At Essen In 181r. Alfred Krupp (q.v.) (1812--1887) Supplied His Steel In The Shape Of Rolls, Coining Dies, Weldless Tyres For Railway Vehicles, Etc., Etc. At An Early Date, Iron And Coal Mines Were Acquired. The Excellent Quality Of His Steel Brought Him ...
Friedrich Theodor Frerichs
Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor German Pathologist, Became Professor Of Pathology At Gottingen (1848), At Kiel (185o), At Breslau (1852) And Berlin (1859). He Developed Scientific Clinical Teaching In Germany. He Discovered Leucin And Tyrosin In The Urine In Cases Of Acute Yellow Atrophy Of The Liver (1855), Made Pathological Studies Of ...
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel
Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1782-1852), German Educational Reformer, Was Born At Ober Weissbach, Thuringia, On April 21, 1782. Like Comenius, With Whom He Had Much In Common, He Was Neglected In His Youth Until A Maternal Uncle Gave Him A Home At Stadt-ilm. He Went To The Village School, But ...
Friedrichroda
Friedrichroda, A Summer Resort In The Land Of Thuringia, Germany, At The North Foot Of The Thuringian Forest, R3 M. By Rail S.w. From Gotha. Pop. In The Im Mediate Neighbourhood Are The Ruins Of The Benedictine Monas Tery Founded In 1085, And Now Incorporated In A Hunting Seat. The ...
Friedrichsdorf
Friedrichsdorf, A Town Of Germany, In The Prussian Province Of Hesse-nassau, On The Southern Slope Of The Taunus Range, 3 M. N.e. From Homburg. Pop. (1933) 1,694. It Manu Factures Hats, Leather And Biscuits. It Was Founded In 1687 By Huguenot Refugees. ...
Friedrichshafen
Friedrichshafen, A Town Of Germany, In The Land Of Wurttemberg, On The East Shore Of Lake Constance, At The Junction Of Railways To Bretten And Lindau. Pop. 306. It Consists Of The Former Imperial Town Of Buchhorn And The Monastery And Village Of Hofen. Buchhorn Is Mentioned (as Buachihorn Or ...
Friedrichsruh
Friedrichsruh, A Village In The Prussian Province Of Schleswig-holstein, R 5 M. S.e. Of Hamburg. It Gives Its Name To The Country Seat Of The Bismarck Family, The Park Of Which Forms A Portion Of The Sachsenwald. Close By Stands The Mauso Leum Of Prince Otto Von Bismarck. ...
Friendly Societies
Friendly Societies. A Friendly Society Is A Mutual Association The Chief Purpose Of Which Is To Provide Its Members With Money Allowances During Incapacity For Work Resulting From Sickness Or Infirmity And To Make A Provision For The Immediate Necessities Arising On The Death Of A Member Or His Wife. ...
Friesland Or Vriesland
Friesland Or Vriesland, A Province Of Holland, Bounded South-west, West And North By The Zuider Zee And The North Sea, East By Groningen And Drente, And South-east By Overijsel. It Also Includes The Islands Of Ameland And Schier Monnikoog (see Frisian Islands). Area, 1,248 Sq.m.; Pop. The Soil Of Friesland ...
Frieze
Frieze, In Architecture, The Middle Of The Three Divisions Of A Classic Entablature Above The Architrave And Below The Cor Nice (see Order) ; Also Any Long, Narrow, Horizontal Panel Or Band Used For Decorative Purposes. The Frieze Probably Developed From The Necessity Of Carrying The Cross Beams Of A ...
Frigate Bird
Frigate-bird, The Name Given By British Sailors To A Large Sea-bird (fregata Aquila) And Its Ally F. Minor. They Form The Family Fregatidae, Allied To The Pelicans (q.v.). The Species Differ Only In Size And Geographical Distribution, F. Minor Being Restricted To The Indian Ocean, While F. Aquila Is Found ...
Frigate
Frigate, Originally A Small Swift, Undecked Vessel, Propelled By Oars Or Sails, In Use On The Mediterranean. The Word Is Thus Used Of The Large Open Boats, Without Guns, Used For War Purposes By The Portuguese In The East Indies During The 16th And 17th Centuries. The French First Applied ...
Frigg
Frigg, The Wife Of The God Odin (woden) In Northern Mythology, Was Known Also To Other Teutonic Peoples (o.h. Ger. Friia, Langobardic Frea) ; In English Her Name Still Sur Vives In Friday (o.e. Frigedaeg). (see Teutonic Peoples, Ad Fin.) ...
Frigidarium
Frigidarium, The Cold Room, Often Containing A Swim Ming Pool, Of The Ancient Roman Baths (see Baths). ...
Frilled Lizard
Frilled Lizard (chlamydosaurus Kingi), A Tropical Australian Lizard, Remarkable For The Large Erectile Frill Round The Neck And For Its Bipedal Mode Of Progression. It Is Arboreal And Insectivorous. (see Lizard.) ...
Frimley
Frimley, An Urban District In The Farnham Parliamentary By Division Of Surrey, England, 33a M. W.s.w. From London By The Southern Railway, And 1 M. N. Of Farnborough In Hampshire. Pop. Of Urban District (1931) 16,472. Its Healthy Climate, Its Position In The Sandy Heath-district Of The West Of Surrey, ...
Frisches Haff
Frisches Haff, A Lagoon On The Baltic Coast Of Ger Many, Between Danzig And Konigsberg. It Is 52 M. In Length, From 4 To 12 M. Broad, 332 Sq.m. In Area, And Is Separated From The Baltic By A Narrow Spit, The Frische Nehrung. This Barrier Was Torn Open By ...
Frisian Islands
Frisian Islands, A Chain Of Islands, Lying From 3 To 20 M. From The Mainland, And Stretching From The Zuider Zee East And North As Far As Jutland, Along The Coasts Of Holland And Ger Many. They Are Divided Into Three Groups :—(i ) The West Fris Ian, (2) The ...
Frisians
Frisians, A People Who In The First Century Of Our Era Were Found By The Romans In Occupation Of The Coast Lands Stretching From The Mouth Of The Scheldt To That Of The Ems. The First His Torical Notices Of The Frisians Are Found In The Annals Of Tacitus. They ...
Frith
Frith (or Fryth), John (c. 1503-1533), English Re Former And Protestant Martyr, Was Born At Westerham, Kent. He Was Educated At Eton And King's College, Cambridge, Where Gardiner, Afterwards Bishop Of Winchester, Was His Tutor. At The Invitation Of Cardinal Wolsey, After Taking His Degree He Migrated (dec. 1525) To ...
Fritillary
Fritillary (fritillaria), A Genus Of Hardy Bulbous Plants Of The Family Liliaceae, Containing Upwards Of 5o Species Widely Distributed In The Northern Hemisphere. The Genus Is Represented In Great Britain By The Fritillary Or Snakeshead (f. Meleagris), Which Occurs In Moist Meadows In The Southern Half Of England, A Much ...
Fritzlar
Fritzlar, A Town In The Prussian Province Of Hesse-cas Sel, On The Left Bank Of The Eder, 16 M. S.w. From Cassel By Rail. Pop. As Early As 732 Boniface, The Apostle Of Ger Many, Established The Church Of St. Peter And A Small Benedictine Monastery At Frideslar. Among The ...
Friuli
Friuli, A District At The Head Of The Adriatic Sea, Partly In Cluded In Venetia Proper (province Of Udine) And Partly In Venetia Julia (province Of Gorizia). In The North And East Friuli Includes Portions Of The Julian And Carnic Alps, While The South Is The Alluvial Plain Of The ...
Froben
Froben [fxobenivs], Joannes (c. Ger Man Printer And Scholar, Was Born At Hammelburg In Bavaria. After Completing His University Career At Basel, Where He Made The Acquaintance Of The Famous Printer Johannes Auerbach 1513), He Established There About 1491 A Printing House Which Had A European Reputation For Accuracy And ...
Frock
Frock, Originally A Long, Loose Gown With Broad Sleeves, Worn By Members Of The Religious Orders. The Word Is Derived From The O.fr. Froc, Of Obscure Origin. The Formal Stripping Off Of The Frock Became Part Of The Ceremony Of Degradation In The Case Of A Condemned Monk; Hence The ...
Frog
Frog, A Name Of Wide Application, Strictly For An Animal Belonging To The Family Ranidae, But Also Used Of Some Other Families Of The Order Anura Of The Class Amphibia (q.v.). Frogs Proper Are Typified By The Common British Species, Rana Tem Poraria, The Edible Frog, R. Esculenta, And The ...
Frome
Frome, A Market Town In The Frome Parliamentary Division Of Somersetshire, England, 1o14 M. W. By S. Of London By The G.w.r., At The Junction Of A Branch Line To Bristol (242 M. N.w. By N.). Pop. Of Urban District (1931) 10,738. It Is Unevenly Built On High Ground Above ...
Frontispiece
Frontispiece, An Architectural Term For The Entrance Front Of Any Building, Also, More Commonly, For A Rich Decorative Feature Of Considerable Size, Sometimes Including The Entrance Door, Applied To The Principal Front Of A Building. Thus The Tall Niches Containing The Doors Of Many Mohammedan Buildings (see Mohammedan Architecture) Are ...
Frosinone
Frosinone, A Town Of Italy (anc. Frusino), And The Capital Of A Province S3 M. E.s.e. By Rail From Rome. Pop. (1931) Town, 13,609; Commune, 16,475. The Place Is Picturesquely Situ Ated On A Hill Of 955 Ft. Above Sea-level, But Contains No Buildings Of Interest. It Was A Volscian, ...
Frost
Frost, Water In The Atmosphere, Which Is Crystallized By Freezing Upon Exposed Objects. Under The Broader And More Pop Ular Conception Of Frost, The Phenomenon Also Includes The Me Chanical Effects Produced By The Freezing Of The Juices Of Plants, Of The Water In The Soil, In Rocks, Etc. Frost ...
Frostbite
Frostbite, A Form Of Mortification (q.v.), Due To The Action Of Cold In Cutting Off The Blood-supply From The Fingers, Toes, Nose, Ears, Etc. In Comparatively Trifling Forms It Occurs As "chaps" And "chilblains," But The Term Frostbite Is Usually Applied Only To More Severe Cases, Where The Part Affected ...
Frostburg
Frostburg, A Town Of Allegany County, Md., U.s.a., In The North-western Part Of The State. It Is On Federal Highway 4o, And Is Served By The Cumberland And Pennsylvania And The West Ern Maryland Railways. The Population Was 6,017 In 192o; 193o It Was 5,588. The Town Lies Amid Beautiful ...
Frozen Credit
Frozen Credit, Credit (generally Bank Loans) Which Has Been Extended But Which The Creditors Find It Impossible Or Highly Inexpedient To Collect At Maturity Or At Any Given Time. Banks May Make Loans To Corporations Which Are Apparently In Good Financial Condition And Yet Which, Upon The Maturity Of The ...
Fructose
Fructose, Occurs Mixed With Glucose (q.v.) In Fruit Juices, And Is Combined With Glucose As Sucrose (cane Sugar). It Has The Same Molecular Formula As Glucose, And Is A Ketose (ke Tone-alcohol) Of The Hexose Class. It Is Also Known As Fruit-sugar Or Laevulose, The Latter Name Arising From The ...
Fruit Cookery
Fruit Cookery. Though Certain Fruits, E.g., Bread Fruit, Dates, Figs, Form The Staple Food Of Various Tropical Peoples, Fruits Are Used By Nations In The Temperate Zones Mainly As An Agreeable Means Of Introducing Liquid Into The System : For Their Mixture Of Salts And Vegetable Acids, E.g., Tartaric, Malic, ...
Fruit Farming
Fruit Farming. With The Larger Consumption Of Fruit And The Higher Prices Paid For It, Fruit Farming Is Developing In All Parts Of The World, The Principal Fruits Eaten Being Apples, Oranges And Bananas, Though Every Kind Of Fruit Is Consumed In Some Quantity. As An Instance Of The Increased ...
Fruit Production In Great
Fruit Production In Great Britain The Climate Of England Permits Of Outdoor Culture Of But A Portion Of The Fruits Eaten, These Being Known As The Hardy Fruits. The Following Table Gives In Detail The Output Of Fruits From Hold Ings Over One Acre In Size In England And Wales ...
Fruit
Fruit, In Its Popular Sense Is Any Product Of The Soil That Can Be Enjoyed By Man Or Animals; In The Bible The Word Is Often Extended To Include The Offspring Of Man And Of Animals, E.g., In Such Expressions As "the Fruit Of The Womb," "fruit Of Thy Cattle" ...
Frumentius
Frumentius (c. 300–c. 36o), The Founder Of The Abyssin Ian Church, Traditionally Identified In Abyssinian Literature With Abba Salama Or Father Of Peace (see Ethiopia), Was A Native Of Phoenicia. According To Rufinus (x. 9), Who Gives Aedesius As His Authority, A Certain Tyrian, Meropius, Accompanied By His Kinsmen Frumentius ...
Frunze
Frunze, The Chief Town Of The Kirghiz A.s.s.r., Situated On The Chu River In Lat. 42° 45' N. Long. 45' E., Formerly Pishpek. Its Chief Industries Are Brewing And The Manufacture Of Tobacco (makhorka). A Branch Line From The Orenburg Tashkent Railway, Passing Through Chimkent And Aulie-ata, Reaches The Town. ...
Frustum
Frustum, A Term In Geometry For The Part Of A Solid Figure, Such As A Cone Or Pyramid, Cut Off By A Plane Parallel To The Base, Or Lying Between Two Parallel Planes ; And Hence In Architecture A Name Given To The Drum Of A Column. ...
Fry
Fry, The Name Of A Well-known English Quaker Family. About The Middle Of The 18th Century Joseph Fry (1728-1787), A Doc Tor, Settled In Bristol, Where He Acquired A Large Practice, But Eventually Abandoned Medicine For Commerce. He Became Inter Ested In Various Manufacturing Enterprises, And Was The Founder Of ...
Frydlant
Frydlant, An Old Town In Northern Bohemia. It Has Local Administrative Functions Supplemented By Small But Thriv Ing Textile And Engineering Factories, Paper-mills And Pottery Works. The Old Castle Situated On A Small Hill Commanding The Town Epitomises Its Stormy History. Pop. (193o) 6,311. It Must Be Distinguished From Frydlant ...
Fuad I
Fuad I. (1868-1936), King Of Egypt, Was Born At The Palace Of Gizeh On March 26, 1868, The Youngest Son Of The Khedive Ismail Pasha. After His Father's Debacle Prince Ahmed Fuad, As He Then Was, Went To Italy Where His Youth Was Spent. He Re Turned To Egypt In ...
Fuad Pasha
Fuad Pasha (1815-1869), Turkish Statesman, Was The Son Of The Poet Kecheji-zade Izzet Molla. He Was Educated At The Medical School And Was At First An Army Surgeon. He Became Secretary Of The Embassy In London ; Was Employed On Special Missions In The Principalities And At St. Petersburg And ...
Fuchsia
Fuchsia, A Genus Of Plants Of The Family Onagraceae, Char Acterized By Entire, Usually Opposite Leaves, Pendant Flowers, A Funnel-shaped, Brightly Coloured, Quadripartite, Deciduous Calyx, Four Petals, Alternating With The Calycine Segments, Eight, Rarely Ten, Exserted Stamens, A Long Filiform Style, An Inferior Ovary, And Fruit, A Fleshy Ovoid Many-seeded ...
Fuel A General Survey
Fuel: A General Survey. Fuel Is A Term Applied To Materials Used To Produce Heat By Combustion In Air. Man Alone Among Living Creatures Has Discovered Ways Of Creating Heat And Power By The Use Of Fuel. He Has Thereby Improved His Means Of Procuring Food, Has Adapted Himself To ...
Fuel Research Board
Fuel Research Board. This Board Was Appointed In Great Britain In 1917 As One Of The Research Boards Of The Newly Formed Department Of Scientific And Industrial Research, "to In Vestigate The Nature, Preparation And Utilization Of Fuel Of All Kinds, Both In The Laboratory, And, When Necessary, On An ...
Fuelling Stations
Fuelling. Stations Are Repositories Or Warehouses Located At Convenient Ports For Supplying Coal And Oil To Commer Cial And Naval Vessels. In The Latter Half Of The 19th Century As Steam Vessels Replaced The Old Sailing Ships In Ocean Transport, The Trade Of The World Began To Settle Down Upon ...
Fuenteovejuna
Fuenteovejuna, A Town Of Spain, Province Of Cor Dova, On The Fuente Del Arco-belmez-cordova Railway. Pop. Fuenteovejuna Is Built On A Hill, In A District Well Watered By Tributaries Of The Guadiato And Zujar, Which, Be Sides Producing Much Oil, Wheat, Wine And Honey, Also Contains Important Coal, Lead And ...
Fuenterrabia
Fuenterrabia (formerly Sometimes Fontarabia; Lat. Fons Rapidus), A Town In Northern Spain, Province Of Guipuzcoa; On The San Sebastian-bayonne Railway; Near The Bay Of Biscay And On The French Frontier. Pop. (193o) 6,181. Fuenterrabia, On The Slope Of A Hill On The Left Bank Of The River Bidassoa, Near The ...
Fuero Juzgo
Fuero Juzgo, The Spanish Term For The Translation Of The Lex Visigothorum Made By Order Of St. Ferdinand In 1241 (see Fuero ; Germanic Laws) After His Capture Of The City Of Cordoba From The Moors. He Directed This Translation To Be Called The Fuero De Cordoba, But The Rather ...
Fuero
Fuero, A Spanish Term, Derived From The Latin Forum (q.v.). The Castilian Use Of The Word In The Sense Of A Right, Privilege Or Charter Is Perhaps To Be Traced To The Roman Con Ventus Juridici (assize Towns), Also Known As Jurisdictiones Or Fora, In Pliny's Time Already Numerous In ...
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura, An Island In The Spanish Archipelago Of The Canary Islands (q.v.). Pop. (193o) 11,696; Area 665 Sq.m. Fuerteventura Lies Between Lanzarote And Grand Canary. It Has A Length Of 52 M., And An Average Width Of 12 M. Lava Streams And Other Signs Of Volcanic Action Abound, But There ...
Fugger
Fugger, The Name Of A Famous German Family Of Mer Chants And Bankers. The Founder Of The Family Was Johann Fugger, A Weaver At Graben, Near Augsburg, But Its Real Greatness Was Established By His Grandsons, Andreas And Jakob, Who Greatly Extended The Business In Augsburg, Which They Inherited From ...
Fugitive Slave Laws
Fugitive Slave Laws, A Term Applied In The United States To The Statutes Passed By Congress In 1793 And 1850 To Provide For The Return Of Negro Slaves Who Escaped From One State Into Another Or Into A Public Territory. The First Specific Legislation On The Subject Was Enacted On ...
Fugue
Fugue, In Music, The Mutual "pursuit" Of Voices Or Parts. It Was, Up To The End Of The 16th Century, If Not Later, The Name Applied To Two Art-forms. (a) Fuga Ligata Was The Exact Reproduc Tion By One Or More Voices Of The Statement Of A Leading Part. The ...
Fuji Or Fujiyama
Fuji Or Fujiyama, A Celebrated Quiescent Volcano Of Japan, Standing 7o M. W.s.w. Of Tokyo. It Rises To A Height Of 12,395 Ft. And Its Southern Slopes Reach The Shore Of Suruga Bay. It Is A Cone Of Beautifully Simple Form, The More Striking To View Because It Stands Isolated; ...
Fukui
Fukui, A Town Of Japan In The Province Of Echizen, Near The West Coast, 20 M. N. By E. Of Wakasa Bay. It Lies In A Volcanic District Much Exposed To Earthquakes. Fukui Is Now In A Flourish Ing Condition, With Several Local Industries, Especially The Manu Facture Of Paper, ...
Fukuoka
Fukuoka, A Town On The North-west Coast Of The Island Of Kyushu, Japan, In The Province Of Chikuzen, 90 M. N.n.e. Of Nagasaki By Rail. Pop. 228,289. With Hakata, On The Opposite Side Of A Small Coast Stream, It Forms A Large Centre Of Population, With An Increasing Export Trade ...
Fulani
Fulani, A Long-headed White Race Of Pastoralists Of Disputed Origin With Considerable Intermixture Of Other Blood, Calling Themselves Fulbe (sing. Polio), Distributed From The Upper Nile To Senegal. They Have Regular Features And Narrow Nose, Wavy Hair, Light Complexion ; Are Long-limbed, Highly Strung. They Live Independently, Or Near Cultivators ...
Fulbert
Fulbert (c. 960-1028), Bishop Of Chartres, Was Prob Ably Of French Origin. He Was Educated At The School Of Rheims Under Gerbert, Afterwards Pope Sylvester Ii., And In 990 Opened A School At Chartres Which Soon Became Famous Throughout Europe. His Pupils, Among Whom Was Berengarius Of Tours, Affectionately Termed ...
Fulcher Of Chartres
Fulcher Of Chartres (ioj9—c. 113o), French Chronicler, Was A Priest Who Was Present At The Council Of Cler Mont In 1095, And Accompanied Robert Ii., Duke Of Normandy, On The First Crusade In 1096. He Became Chaplain To Baldwin, King Of Jerusalem. His Historia Hierosolymitana Or Gesta Fran Corum Jerusalem ...
Fulda
Fulda, A Town And Episcopal See Of Germany, In The Prus Sian Province Of Hesse-nassau, Between The Rhon And The Vogel-gebirge, 6o M. N.e. From Frankfort-on-main By Rail. Pop. 27,72o. Fulda Owes Its Existence To Its Abbey, And Became A Town In 1208. In The Middle Ages There Were Many ...
Fulginiae
Fulginiae, An Ancient Town Of Umbria, Italy, On The Later Line Of The Via Flaminia, 15 M. S. Of Nuceria. It Lay I M. S. Of The Modern Foligno. It Was Of Comparatively Late Origin As It Had No City Walls, But, In Imperial Times It Became Important As A ...
Fulgurite
Fulgurite, In Petrology The Name Given To Rocks Which Have Been Fused On The Surface By Lightning, And To The Char Acteristic Holes In Rocks Formed By The Same Agency (from Lat. Fulgur, Lightning) . When Lightning Strikes The Naked Surfaces Of Rocks, The Sudden Rise Of Temperature May Produce ...
Fulham
Fulham, A Western Metropolitan Borough Of London, Eng Land, Bounded North-west By Hammersmith, North-east By Ken Sington, East By Chelsea, And South-east, South And South-west By A Wide Loop Of The River Thames. Pop. (i 931) 150,940. In The North Fulham Includes The Residential District Known As West Kensington, And ...