Einsiedeln
Einsiedeln, The Most Populous Town In The Swiss Canton Of Schwyz, On The Right Bank Of The Alpbach (an Affluent Of The Sihl). It Is 2,908 Ft. Above Sea-level, And 25 M. S.e. Of Zurich. It Communicates Directly With Schwyz Over The Hacken Pass Ft.) Or The Holzegg Pass (4,616 ...
Eisenach
Eisenach, A Town Of Germany, In Thuringia ; Lies At The North-west Foot Of The Thuringian Forest, At The Confluence Of The Nesse And Horsel, 32 M. By Rail W. From Erfurt. Pop. Interesting Buildings Include The Formal Ducal Palace Built In 1742 ; The Late-gothic St. Georgenkirche; The Nikolai ...
Eisenberg
Eisenberg (isenberg), A Town Of Germany, In The Land Of Thuringia On A Plateau Between The Rivers Saale And Elster 20 M. S.w, From Zeitz. Pop. (1933) 11,371. It Possesses An Old Castle And Several Churches. Its Principal Industries Are Metal Working And The Manufacture Of Machines, Photographic Plates, Toys, ...
Eisenerz
Eisenerz, An Old Mining Town In Styria, Austria. It Lies In A Deep Valley, Tributary To That Of The Enns And Is Dominated By Imposing Peaks, One Of Which, The Erzberg (5,03o Ft.), To The South Is Connected With The Town By A Rack Railway Which Descends To Vordernberg On ...
Eisleben
Eisleben, A Town Of Germany, In The Prussian Province Of Saxony, 24 M. W. By N. From Halle. Pop. The Earliest Record Of Eisleben (lat. Islebia) Is Dated 974. In 1045, At Which Time It Belonged To The Counts Of Mansfield, It Received The Right To Hold Markets, Coin Money, ...
Eisteddfod
Eisteddfod (is-teth'vod), (plural Eisteddfodau), The National Bardic Congress Of Wales, Which Seeks To Encourage Bard Ism And Music And The General Literature Of The Welsh, To Maintain The Welsh Language And Customs Of The Country, And To Foster And Cultivate A Patriotic Spirit Amongst The People. This Institution, So Peculiar ...
Eject
Eject, A Term Introduced By Clifford (in Seeing And Think Ing) And Adopted By Romanes And Others, For The Conception That Another Self Is In The First Instance Apprehended In Terms Of One's Own Self, Which Is Ejected, As It Were, Into Another Body (latin Eiectum, Something Thrown Out). The ...
Ejectment
Ejectment, In Law, An Action For The Recovery Of The Pos Session Of Land, Together With Damages For The Wrongful Withhold Ing Thereof. In The Old English Classifications Of Actions, As Real Or Personal, This Was Known As A Mixed Action, Because Its Object Was Twofold, Viz., To Recover Both ...
Ejector
Ejector. An Apparatus Which Moves Air, Liquids, And Loose Materials Such As Sand, Cinders, Gravel, Liquid Clay And Chemicals, By The Eductive Force Of Steam Or Compressed Air. Inlets Are Arranged For The Steam And The Suction, And The Former Rushing Along At High Speed Draws The Air Or Other ...
Ekkpe Or Egbo
Ekkpe Or Egbo, A Secret Society Flourishing In Southern Nigeria And The Calabar District, West Africa. Ekkpe (leopard In Ibibio) Is A Dual Spirit, Male And Female, And Only Males Can Join, Boys Being Initiated About The Age Of Puberty. Members Are Bound To Secrecy And Heavy Entrance Fees Are ...
Elabuga
Elabuga, A Town In The Tatar A.s.s.r., On The Kama River, 201 M. By Steamboat Down The Volga From Kazan And Then Up The Kama, In Lat. 5 5 ° So' N., Long. 5 2 ° 6' E. It Has Flour-mills, And Carries On A Brisk Trade In Exporting Corn ...
Elam
Elam, The Name Given In The Bible To The Province Of Persia Called Susiane By The Classical Geographers, From Susa Or Shushan Its Capital. Strabo (xv. 3. 12, Etc.) Makes Susiane A Part Of Persia Proper, But A Comparison Of His Account With Those Of Ptolemy (vi. 3, I, Etc.) ...
Eland
Eland, The Largest Of The South African Antelopes (tauro Tragus Oryx), The Bull Reaching A Height Of As Much As 6ft. At The Shoulder, And A Length Of Over 9f T. ; A Species Akin To The Kudu, But With Horns Present In Both Sexes, And Their Spiral Much Closer. ...
Elasticity Of Demand
Elasticity Of Demand. In Economics, A Term Used To Describe The Degree Of Responsiveness Of Sales-volume To Changes In The Price Of A Given Commodity. Marshall (principles Of Economics) Puts It That "the Elasticity Of Demand In A Market Is Great Or Small According As The Amount Demanded Increases Much ...
Elasticity
Elasticity. The Word Elastic, Derived Originally From The Greek Verb Ex Avvecv To Drive, Has Acquired Its Present Mean Ing Largely From The Writings Of Robert Boyle. In 166o, In A Description Of His Experiments Relating To The Spring Of The Air He Says, "there Is A Spring Or Elastical ...
Elaterite
Elaterite, Also Termed Elastic Bitumen And Mineral Caoutchouc, An Asphaltic Pyrobitumen Originally Discovered In The Odin Lead Mines At Castleton, Derbyshire. It Occurs In A Few Other Localities, But Always In Small Quantities And Is Merely Of Scientific Interest. It Varies Somewhat In Consistency, But Is Typically Soft And Elastic, ...
Elaterium
Elaterium, A Drug Consisting Of A Sediment Deposited By The Juice Of The Fruit Of Ecballium Elaterium (family Cucurbi Taceae), The Squirting Cucumber, A Native Of The Mediterranean Region. The Plant Grows Like The Vegetable Marrow. The Fruit Resembles A Small Cucumber, And When Ripe Is Turgid And Separates Easily ...
Elba
Elba (gr. Aloaxia; Lat. Ilva), Island Off The West Coast Of Italy, Province Of Leghorn, From Which It Is 45 M. South, And 7 M. Southwest Of Piombino, The Nearest Point Of The Mainland. Pop. (1931) 29,859. It Is About 19 M. Long, 61 M. Broad, And 14o Sq.m. In ...
Elbassan
Elbassan, A Town Of Albania. Population (193o) 13,796, Of Whom 85% Are Muslims And The Remainder Orthodox And Roman Catholics. Elbassan Lies On A Fertile Plain Amid Wooded Country And Is Surrounded By Gardens ; The Climate Is Healthy And There Is An Excellent Water Supply. The Catholic Albanians Live ...
Elbe
Elbe. The Elbe (albis Of The Romans, Labe Of The Czechs), Is A River Of Central Europe, Rising In Bohemia On The Southern Side Of The Riesengebirge At An Altitude Of About 4,600 Ft. The Elbseifen, After Plunging Down The 140 Ft. Of The Elbefall Unites With The Steep Torrential ...
Elberfeld Poor Relief System
Elberfeld Poor Relief System. This System Was First Identified With The Town Of Elberfeld In Rhenish Prussia, But Has Since Been Introduced Into Many Of The Large German Towns And Called After The Place Of Its Origin. The Essence Of The System Is That It Seeks To Prevent Pauperism And ...
Elberfeld
Elberfeld, A Former German Industrial City, In The Prussian Rhine Province, Straddling The Deep Valley Of The Wup Per; Pop. (1925) 167,025. Since Its Union With Barmen (q.v.). The City Is Named Wuppertal, Pop. (1933) 408,404. Local Transpor Tation Is Provided By An Electric Tramway Line And A Hanging Rail ...
Elberton
Elberton, A City Of North-eastern Georgia, U.s.a., Tom. From The Savannah River; The County Seat Of Elbert County. It Is Served By The Elberton And Eastern, The Seaboard Air Line, And The Southern Railways. The Population Was 6,475 In 192o; 4,65o In 193o. The Region Produces Especially Cotton, Grain, Clovers, ...
Elbeuf
Elbeuf, A Town Of Northern France In The Department Of Seine-inf Erieure, 14 M. S.s.w. Of Rouen By The Ouest-etat Rail Way. Pop. (1931) 17,724. Elbeuf, A Town Of Wide, Clean Streets, With Handsome Houses And Factories, Stands On The Left Bank Of The Seine At The Foot Of Hills ...
Elbing
Elbing, A Seaport Town Of Germany, In The Province Of East Prussia, On The Elbing, 5 M. Above The Frische Haff. Pop. 71,986. Elbing Originated As A Colony Of Traders, From Lubeck And Bremen, Which Established Itself Under Protection Of A Castle Of The Teutonic Knights, Built In 1237. In ...
Elbow
Elbow, In Anatomy, The Articulation Of The Humerus, The Bone Of The Upper Arm, And The Ulna And Radius, The Bones Of The Forearm (see Joints). The Word Is Thus Applied To Things Which Are Like This Joint In Shape, Such As A Sharp Bend Of A Stream Or River, ...
Elburz
Elburz, More Correctly Elbruz, A Chain Of Mountains, Separating The Caspian Depression From The Persian Highlands, And Extending Without Any Break For 65o M. From The Western Shore Of The Caspian Sea To North-eastern Khurasan. According To The Direction, Or Strike, Of Its Principal Ranges The Elburz May Be Divided ...
Elche
Elche, Town In Eastern Spain, Province Of Alicante, On The River Vinalapo And The Murcia—alicante Railway. Pop. (193o) 38,013. Elche Contains No Building Of High Architectural Merit, Except, Perhaps, The Collegiate Church Of Santa Maria, With Its Lofty Blue-tiled Dome And Fine Portico. Its Narrow Streets And Flat-roofed, Whitewashed Houses, ...
Elchingen
Elchingen, A Village Of Germany, In Bavaria, Not Far From The Danube, 5m. N.e. From Ulm. Here, On Oct. 14, 1805, The Austrians Under Riesch Were Defeated By The French Under Ney, Who By Taking The Bridge Decided The Day And Gained For Himself The Title Of Duke Of Elchingen. ...
Eldad Ben Marl
Eldad Ben Marl!, Also Surnamed Had-dani, Or The Danite, Jewish Traveller, Was The Supposed Author Of A Jewish Travel Narrative Of The 9th Century A.d, The Story, Which Is Highly Fictitious, Describes How Eldad Set Out To Visit The Jews In Africa And Asia, And Fell Into The Hands Of ...
Elder
Elder, The Name Given At Different Times To A Ruler Or Officer In Certain Political And Ecclesiastical Systems Of Government. I. The Office Of Elder Is In Its Origin Political And Is A Relic Of The Old Patriarchal System. The Unit Of Primitive Society Is Always The Family; The Only ...
Elder_2
Elder, The Popular Designation Of The Deciduous Shrubs And Trees Constituting The Genus Sambucus Of The Family Capri Foliaceae. The Common Elder, S. Nigra, Is Found In Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, The Caucasus And -southern Siberia ; In Sheltered Spots It Attains A Height Of Over 20 Ft. The ...
Eldorado
Eldorado, A City Of Saline County, Ill., U.s.a., In The South-eastern Part Of The State, On Federal Highway 45, And Served By The Big Four, The Illinois Central And The Louisville And Nash Ville Railways. The Population Was 5,004 In 1920; 1930 It Was 4,482. It Is The Trade Centre ...
Eldorado_2
Eldorado, A City In The Oilfields Of South-eastern Kansas, U.s.a., 3imi. N.e. Of Wichita; The County Seat Of Butler County. It Is On Federal Highways 54 And 77, And Is Served By The Missouri Pacific And The Santa Fe Railways. The Population Was 3,129 In 191o; 10,995 In 192o (95% ...
Eleanor Of Aquitaine
Eleanor Of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204), Wife Of The English King Henry Ii., Was The Daughter And Heiress Of Duke William X. Of Aquitaine, Whom She Succeeded In April 113 7. She Married Prince Louis, The Heir To The French Crown, And A Month Later Her Husband Became King Of France ...
Eleanor Of Castile
Eleanor Of Castile (d. 129o), Daughter Of Ferdinand Iii. Of Castile By His Second Wife Joanna, Half-sister Of Alfonso X., Married Edward I. In Oct. 1254, At The Monastery Of Las Huelgas. Through This Marriage Edward Succeeded To The Prov Inces Of Ponthieu And Montreuil In His Wife's Right, And ...
Eleatic School
Eleatic School, A Greek School Of Philosophy Which Came Into Existence Towards The End Of The 6th Century B.e., And Ended With Melissus Of Samos (fl. C. 450 B.c.). It Took Its Name From Elea, A Greek City Of Lower Italy, The Home Of Its Chief Exponents, Parmenides And Zeno. ...
Elecampane
Elecampane (inula Helenium), A Perennial Plant, Family Compositae, Common In Many Parts Of Britain, And Ranges Throughout Central And Southern Europe, And In Asia As Far Eastwards As The Himalayas. It Is Also Widely Naturalized In North America, Occurring Along Roadsides And In Fields From Nova Scotia Westward To Ontario ...
Election
Election, In English Law, The Obligation Imposed Upon A Person Whose Property Is Purported To Be Disposed Of By An In Strument Which Confers Property On Him, To Choose Whether He Will Retain His Own Property And Compensate The Person To Whom It Is Purported To Be Given, Or Transfer ...
Electioneering Tactics
Electioneering Tactics The Influencing Of Voters.—though, In Practice, Many Voters Cast Their Votes For Candidates They Know Nothing About, It Is Rarely The Fault Of The Candidates. It Is Of The Essence Of Their Desire To Represent Others That They Should Make Clear To Their Constituents Their Purposes And Character. ...
Electoral Commission
Electoral Commission, In United States History, A Commission Created To Settle The Disputed Presidential Election Of 1876. In This Election Samuel J. Tilden, The Democratic Can Didate, Received 184 Uncontested Electoral Votes, And Ruther Ford B. Hayes, The Republican Candidate, 163. The States Of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon And South Carolina, ...
Electoral Systems
Electoral Systems. To Elect Is To Choose, And In The Sense Of The Present Discussion, An Electoral System Is A Means Of Choice Of Members Of A Governmental Organization—a Term Used In Preference To The Word State, To Emphasize The Concrete Nature Of The Purpose Served By An Electoral System. ...
Electors Qualifications
Electors' Qualifications The Development Of The Franchise In The Last R Oo Years Has Steadily Tended Towards The Abrogation Of All Electoral Inequalities. The Principal Barrier To A Vote Was The Property Qualification, And This Has In Practically All Countries Been Reduced To A Minimum. Stability Of Citizenship Is Rather ...
Electors
Electors (ger. Kurfursten), A Body Of German Princes, With Whom Rested The Election Of The German King, From The 13th Until The Beginning Of The 19th Century. Before The Middle Of The 13th Century German Kings Had Succeeded To Their Position Partly By Heredity And Partly By Election. Primitive Germanic ...
Electra
Electra, A City Of Wichita County, Texas, U.s.a., Iom. From The Red River (the Northern Boundary Of The State), At An Elevation Of I,22oft. Above Sea-level. It Is On Federal Highway 3 7o And The Fort Worth And Denver City Railway. The Area Is One Square Mile. The Population Was ...
Electra_2
Electra, The Name Of Three Greek Legendary Figures, ('hmktpa, Doric 'amktpa, "bright One") . (i) Daughter Of Oceanus, Wife Of Thaumas, And By Him Mother Of Iris And The Harpies; Sister Of Styx. (hesiod, Theog., 265 Ff., Cp. 349 Ff.). (2) One Of The Pleiads (q.v.); Mother By Zeus Of ...
Electric Charge
Electric Charge. An Electrified Body Is Said To Have Acquired An Electric Charge (see Electricity). The Unit Of Electrical Quantity Is The Unit Charge (see Physical Units, And Electron). ...
Electric Cranes And Gantries
Electric Cranes And Gantries Cranes Are Lifting Machines That Move An Object In Three Direc Tions At Right Angles To One Another; And In The Electric Crane Each Of These Movements Is Carried Out By A Separate Motor And Operated By A Separate Controller, In Such A Way That All ...
Electric Eel
Electric Eel (electrophorus [gymnotus] Electricus), A South American Fish Which, In Spite Of Its External Similarity, Has Nothing To Do With The Eels (anguilla), But Belongs To The Order Ostariophysi, Which Includes The Carps Or Cyprinidae And The Cat Fishes Or Siluridae. The Dorsal And Caudal Fins Are Rudimentary Or ...
Electric Electrical Ma Chine
Electric Generator; Motor, Electric; Electrical Ma Chine; Electricity, Atmospheric; Electricity, Conduction Of; Accumulator; Battery; And Electron. Electric Power Is Dealt With Under Electrical Power: National And Regional Schemes; Electrical Power In Agriculture; Electricity Supply : Commercial Aspects; Electricity Supply : Technical Aspects; And Electrification Of Industry. Other Articles Are Electric ...
Electric Furnaces
Electric Furnaces. All Electric Furnaces Depend For Their Operation On The Fact That When Electricity Passes Along Any Path A Certain Proportion Of The Electrical Energy Is Converted Into Heat Energy. The Amount So Converted Is Directly Proportional To The Resistance Offered By The Path Traversed By The Electrical Energy. ...
Electric Furnaces_2
Electric Furnaces.) The High Temperature Of The Electric Arc Is Used For Welding And Cutting Refractory Metals. The Arc Is Usually Struck Between The Parts To Be Welded Or Cut And An Electrode Of Carbon, Or Of The Same Metal As The Material To Be Welded. In "spot Welding" The ...
Electric Generator
Electric Generator, A Machine That Converts Mechanical Into Electric Power, As The Result Of The Continuous Motion Of A System Of Electrical Conductors Across A Magnetic Field. The Term "dynamo," Formerly Used Widely To Designate An Electric Generator Or Motor, Is Now Obsolescent. In General, A Gen Erator Consists Of ...
Electric Traction
Electric Traction. Although Experimental Electric Motors Were Built More Than A Century Ago Electric Traction Is A Modern Development. Briefly Described, An Electric Railway Is A Combination Of A Source Of Electric Energy, Means For Transmitting It To Vehicles Along A Right Of Way, Including The Raising And Lower Ing ...
Electric Tramways Tion Locomotives
Tion ; Locomotives, Electric; Tramways, Electric Traction, And Transport. Electricity As Concerned With Communication Is Dealt With Under Telephone ; Telegraph ; Broadcasting; Wire Less; And Railways : Signalling. ...
Electric Waves
Electric Waves. The The Use Of Electrical Waves For Wireless Telegraphy And Other Purposes Has Led To Such A Multitude Of Investigations On Their Properties And The Methods Of Producing And Detecting Them That The Subject Has Become Far Too Large To Be Dealt With In One Article. A De ...
Electric
Electric), The Field Of An Elec Tromagnet Is Used For Exerting Force Upon A Wire In Which A Current Of Electricity Is Flowing. The Law Of The Tractive Force Of Electromagnets, First Announced Correctly By Clerk Maxwell, States That The Normal Traction Between Two Plane Pole-faces, Placed In Contact And ...
Electrical Articles
Electrical Articles. The General Article Will Be Found Under Electricity ; Related Subjects Are Dealt With Under ...
Electrical Engineer
Electrical Engineer Is One Who Is Able To Conduct Or Direct Work Involving The Theory And Practical Application Of Electricity. The Work Of The Electrical Engineer May Include Re Search Design, Construction, Operation And Management, And Also Teaching And Writing On Any Of These Branches. The Practical Application Of Electricity, ...
Electrical Equipment
Electrical Equipment Electric Motors.—the Principal Industrial Motors Are As Fol Lows: (a) Direct Current—series, Shunt, Compound. (b) Alternat Ing Current—squirrel-cage Induction, Squirrel-cage Induction "across-the-line" Type, Slip-ring Induction, Synchronous. For A Description Of The Principles And Capabilities Of These, The Reader Is Referred To The Article On Motor, Electric. The Principal ...
Electrical Power Generation
Electrical Power Generation Is Accom Plished Almost Entirely In Two Ways; Utilization Of Power Obtained From Burning Fuel, Generally For Steam Generation, And The Utiliza Tion Of Natural And Created Sources Of Water-power For Hydro Electric Generation. The Term Electric Power Applies To A Continuous Supply Of Elec Tric Current ...
Electrical Power In Agriculture
Electrical Power In Agriculture. Great Strides Have Been Made In The Application Of Electricity To Agri Culture. Already, Many Farmers Are Using Electric Light And Power. With The Growth Of Regional Electricity Schemes We May Expect To See Agricultural Operations Everywhere Modified By The Use Of Electric Energy. Good Light ...
Electrical Power National And
Electrical Power: National And Re Gional Schemes. The Loth Century Has Witnessed The World-wide Development Of National And Regional Schemes Of Electrical Power Generation And Transmission. Development Has Been Very Unequal In Different Countries. Thus, In The United States, With Its Possession Of Magnificent Coalfields, Oilfields, Natural Gas Supplies And ...
Electrical Power Transmission Generation
Generation, Electrical Power Transmission, Electricity Supply, Electrification Of Industry And Electric Furnaces. For The Articles On Power Transmission, By Various Means, Reference Should Be Made To The Key Given Under That Heading. The Important Subject Of Mining Engineering Will Be Found Under The Headings Mining, Metalliferous; Coal And Coal Mining; ...
Electrical Power Transmission
Electrical Power Transmission. The Trans Mission Of Electrical Energy Has Now Been So Developed As To Supply Inexpensive And Reliable Power Over Distances As Great As Several Hundred Miles. Its Service In Making Cheap Water Power Available Is Obvious. A Great Share Of All Power Is Steam Generated, And The ...
Electrical Radiations
Electrical Radiations The Electric Sparks Which Pass Through The Air Between Op Positely Charged Conductors When They Are Brought Near Together Attracted Attention In Very Early Times. When Franklin Showed The Identity Of Atmospheric Electricity And Ordinary Electricity Lightning Came To Be Regarded Simply As Enormous Electric Sparks. ...
Electrical
Electrical (or Electrostatic) Machine, A Ma Chine Operating By Manual Or Other Power For Transforming Mechanical Work Into Electric Energy By The Separation Of Electro Static Charges Of Opposite Sign Delivered To Separate Conductors. Electrostatic Machines Are Of Two Kinds : Frictional, And Influence. ...
Electrical_2
Electrical) . ...
Electricity Commissioners
Electricity Commissioners. The Electricity Commissioners (great Britain) Were Established In 1920 Under The Provisions Of The Electricity Supply Act, 1919, For The Pur Pose Of Promoting, Regulating And Supervising The Supply Of Elec Tricity In The United Kingdom (limited To Great Britain In 1922 On The Transfer Of Irish Services). ...
Electricity Supply Commercial As
Electricity Supply: Commercial As Pects. The Conditions Influencing The Supply Of Electricity In Great Britain Have Undergone A Number Of Important Changes Since The Legislative Foundation Of The Industry In 1882. The Position Now, Nearly Half A Century Later, Considered In The Light Of Subsequent Legislation, Presents Some Interesting Phases ...
Electricity Supply Technical Aspects
Electricity Supply: Technical Aspects. The Supply Of Electricity May Be Either (1) A Private Supply On A Small Scale Foi Electric Lighting In An Isolated Country House, Hotel, Institution Or Ship, Or Else On A Large Scale By A Railway Company Or Local Authority For Purposes Of Lighting, Traction, Or ...
Electricity
Electricity. The Study Of Electricity To-day Compre Hends A Vast Range Of Phenomena, In All Of Which We Are Brought Back Ultimately To The Fundamental Conceptions Of Electric Charge And Of Electric And Magnetic Fields. These Conceptions Are At Present Ultimates, Not Explained In Terms Of Others. In The Past ...
Electrification Of Steelworks
Electrification Of Steelworks The Application Of The Electric Drive To Steelworks Forms A Good Example Of The More Recent Advances Into The Field Of Heavy Industries, Where Conditions Were For Many Years Most Unfavour Able To The Use Of The Electric Motor. The High Acceleration Required, The Violent Fluctuation Of ...
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry, That Branch Of Physical Chem Istry (q.v.) Which Is Concerned With The Relation Between Elec Tricity And Chemical Change. Under Ordinary Conditions, The Occurrence Of A Chemical Reaction Is Accompanied By The Libera Tion Or Absorption Of Heat And Not Of Any Other Form Of Energy, But There Are ...
Electrocution
Electrocution, The Popular Name, Invented In Amer Ica, For The Infliction Of The Death Penalty On Criminals By Passing Through The Body Of The Condemned A Current Of Electricity Suffi Cient To Cause Death. The Method Was First Adopted By The State Of New York, A Law Making This Method ...
Electrokinetics
Electrokinetics Electrokinetics Is That Part Of Electrical Science Which Deals With The Properties Of Electric Currents. The Chief Effects Pro Duced By Electric Currents Are Magnetic Effects, Heating Effects And Chemical Effects. The Chemical Effects Are Discussed In The Article Electrolysis. Electric Currents In Conductors May Be Classified As Uni ...
Electrolier
Electrolier, A Fixture, Usually Suspended From The Ceil Ing, For Holding Electric Lamps. The Word Is Analogous To Chan Delier, From Which It Was Formed, But Is Used To Differentiate The Electric From The Candle Sources Of Light (see Chandelier). ...
Electrolysis
Electrolysis (hl-ek-troll-sis). The Passage Of An Elec Tric Current Through A Substance, Accompanied By Definite Chemical Changes Which Are Independent Of The Heating Effects Of The Current, Is Known As Electrolysis (formed From Gr. Xbetv, To Loosen), And The Substance Is Called An Electrolyte. An Example Of This Is A ...
Electromagnet
Electromagnet. Soon After The Discovery, By Oersted In 1820, Of The Directive Action Of An Electric Current On A Magnetic Needle, It Was Found That A Wire Carrying An Electric Current Also Possessed The Power Of Magnetizing Pieces Of Steel And Iron Placed Near It. This Discovery Was Made By ...
Electromagnetic Theory Of Radiation
Electromagnetic Theory Of Radiation. About 1855 Clerk Maxwell Discovered Equations Which Govern The Behaviour Of Electromagnetic Oscillations. He Was Able To Show That These Equations Were Equally Applicable To Light. It Was In Consequence Of This Discovery That He Put Forward The Theory (the Electromagnetic Theory Of Light) That Light ...
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves About 1855 James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Began The Study Of Electromagnetic Phenomena Which Resulted In His Discovery Of The Electromagnetic Theory Of Electric Waves And Light, The Theory Which Is Of Fundamental Importance In Practically All Branches Of Modern Physics. Maxwell Studied Faraday's Experimental Researches, And The Writings ...
Electrometallurgy
Electrometallurgy. As Different Methods Of Pro Ducing Electric Currents In Increasing Magnitude Were Discovered, One Of The Earliest Applications Made, In Every Case, Was The Study Of Their Effects On Chemical Change Both By Electrolytic Action And, On Account Of The High Temperatures Attainable, By Their Electro Thermal Effects. Thus ...
Electrometer
Electrometer, An Instrument For Measuring Electrifica Tion, Or, More Generally, Electric Potential. (see Instruments, Electrical.) ...
Electron Electrum
Electrum, Electron, An Alloy Of Gold And Silver In Use Among The Ancients, Described By Pliny As Containing One Part Of Silver To Four Of Gold. The Term Is Also Applied In Mineralogy To Native Argentiferous Gold Containing From 20 To 50% Of Silver. In Both Cases The Name Is ...
Electron Theory
Electron Theory For Most Practical Purposes It Is Sufficient To Regard The Media, In Which Electrical Phenomena Are Observed , As Con Tinuous Media Possessing Conductivity S, Specific Inductive Capacity K And Magnetic Permeability J, In Greater Or Less Degree. These Electrical Properties Of Matter Are The Prop Erties Of ...
Electrophone
Electrophone, A Musical Instrument Making Use Of Electric Bells And Giving A Brilliant Metallic Sound, Invented By The Dutch Composer Daniel Ruyneman, Who Has Employed It In Some Of His Compositions. ...
Electrophorus
Electrophorus, An Instrument Invented By Alessandro Volta In 1775, By Which Mechanical Work Is Transformed Into Electrostatic Charge By The Aid Of A Small Initial Charge Of Electric Ity. In One Form It Consists Of A Disk Of Non-conducting Material, Such As Pitch Or Resin, Placed Between Two Metal Sheets, ...
Electroplating
Electroplating, The Art Of Depositing Metals By The Electric Current. In The Article Electrolysis It Is Shown How The Passage Of An Electric Current Through A Solution Containing Metallic Ions (electrically Charged Atoms Of A Metal) Involves The Deposition Of The Metal On The Cathode (the Negative Electrode). Under Certain ...
Electroscope
Electroscope, An Instrument, As Its Name Indicates, For Detecting Electrification. (see Electricity : Faraday's Works On Electrostatics And Instruments, Electrical : Electrostatic.) ...
Electrostatics
Electrostatics The Electrostatic Unit Of Elec Tricity Is Defined To Be A Quantity Such That, When Placed One Centi Metre From An Equal Quantity, In A Vacuum, It Repels With A Force Of One Dyne. The Force In Dynes Between Two Charges, E And E', At A Distance Of R ...
Electrostatics_2
Electrostatics, The Study Of Phenomena Associated With Stationary Electricity. (see Electricity : Electrostatics.) ...
Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy, A General Term For The Use Of Elec Tricity In The Alleviation And Cure Of Disease. Many Claims Have Been Made For It In The Past Which Could Not Be Justified, Or At Best Were Psychological. Of Recent Years Its Sphere Has Been Better Defined And At Present Four ...
Electrotyping
Electrotyping, The Production Of Copies Of Types, Wood-cuts, Medals And Other Objects By Means Of The Electro Deposition Of A Metal Upon A Mould. A Negative Cast Of The Object To Be Copied Is Generally Prepared In The First Place, And Is Made From Gutta-percha, Plaster Of Paris, Or Wax. ...
Elegiac Verse
Elegiac Verse Has Commonly Been Adopted By German Poets For Their Elegies, But By English Poets Never. Coleridge Defines This Kind Of Verse, Which Consists Of A Distich Of Which The First Line Is A Hexameter And The Second A Pentameter, In The Following Illustration: In The Hexameter Rises The ...
Elegit
Elegit, In English Law, A Judicial Writ Of Execution, Given By The Statute Of Westminster Ii. (1285), And So Called From The Words Of The Writ, That The Plaintiff Has Chosen (elegit) This Mode Of Satisfaction. Previously To The Statute Of Westminster Ii. A Judgment Creditor Could Only Have The ...
Elegy
Elegy, A Short Poem Of Lamentation Or Regret, Called Forth By The Decease Of A Beloved Or Revered Person, Or By A General Sense Of The Pathos Of Mortality. The Greek Word Ixeyeia Is Of Doubtful Signification ; It Is Usually Interpreted As Meaning A Mournful Or Funeral Song. But ...
Elementary Education Great Britain
Elementary Education (great Britain). While Elementary Schools Were Founded Before The Reformation (see Scxools), The First Connected Movement Towards Providing Such Instruction On A Large Scale Was That Inaugurated In 1699 By The Society For Promoting Christian Knowledge, Which By 1729 Had Led To The Foundation Of 1,658 Charity Schools ...
Elements
Elements, In Theoretical Astronomy, The Six Numerical Quantities Used For The Computation Of The Position Of A Planet. Two Depend On The Geometrical Properties Of The Orbit, I.e., Its Semi-major Axis And Its Eccentricity. Two Define The Position Of The Plane Of The Orbit ; One Of These Is The ...
Elemi
Elemi, An Oleo-resin (manilla Elemi) Obtained In The Philip Pine Islands, Probably From Canarium Commune (nat. Ord. Bur Seraceae), Which When Fresh And Of Good Quality Is A Pale Yellow Granular Substance Of Honey-like Consistency, But Which Grad Ually Hardens With Age. It Is Soluble In Alcohol And Ether, And ...
Elephant Head
Elephant-head (pedicularis Groenlandica), A North American Plant Of The Figwort Family (scrophulariaceae), Native To Wet Soil From Greenland To Alaska And Southward On Mountains To New Mexico And California. It Is A Smooth, Erect Perennial, About A Foot High, Bearing Pinnately Divided Leaves And A Dense Cluster (spike), 2 In. ...